Tae-Kyung's references for research


Mathematics and Physics (Book) | Seismology (Book) | Analytic solution | Reference A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Scattering Binder | Wavelet (Book) | Wavelet (Paper) | Fault (paper) | Attenuation

###### Mathematics and Physics (Book)

A. Pazy (1984), Seimgroups of Linear Operators and Applications to Partial Differential Equations, Springer-Verlag New York, Inc. New York (Chap 7: The wave equation).

Ian N. Sneddon (1972), The Use of Integral Transforms, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. 539p.

Ian N. Sneddon (1951), Fourier Transforms, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 542p.

Yudell L. Luke (1962), Integrals of Bessel Functions, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 419p.

M.F. McCarthy and M.A. Hayes (editors) (1989), Elastic Wave Propagation, North-Holland, Elsevier Science Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 635p.

P.M. Morse and H. Feshbach (1953), Methods of Theoretical Physics, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York.

I.N. Sneddon and M. Lowengrub (1969), Crack Problems in the Classical Theory of Elasticity, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 221p.


###### Seismology (Book and etc.)

A. Ben-Menahem and S.J. Singh (1981), Seismic Waves and Sources, Springer-Verlag, New York.

P.Berg, F. If, P. Nielsen and O. Skovgaard (1994), Analytic Reference Solutions, in 'Modeling the Earth for Oil Exploration- Final Report of the CEC's Geoscience I Program 1990-1993' edited by E. Helbig, Pergamon Press, 421-427.

R. Burridge (1976), Some Mathematical Topics in Seismology, Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences, New York University, 317p.

J.K. Cohen and T. Chen (1993), Fundamental of the Discrete Wavelet Transform for Seismic Data Processing.

W.E. Fitzgibbon, M.F. Wheeler (1992), Computational Methods in Geosciences, Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Philadelphia.

D. Lu, T. Ohyoshi and L. Zhu (1996), Treatment of Boundary Conditions in the Application of Wavelet-Galerkin Method to a SH Wave Problem

Y.-H. Pao and C.-C. Mow (1973), Diffraction of Elastic Waves and Dynamic Stress Concentrations, Crane, Russak & Company Inc., New York.

W.L. Pilant (1979), Elastic Waves in the Earth, Elsevier Scientific Publishing Company, New York.

R. Truell, C. Elbaum, B.B. Chick (1969), Ultrasonic Methods in Solid State Physics, Academic Press, Inc., New York.


###### Seismology (Analytic solutions)

R. Bortfeld (1961), Approximation to the Reflection and Transmission Coefficients of Plane Longitudinal and Transverse Waves, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.9, 485-502.

R. Bortfeld (1962), Exact Solution of the Reflection and Refraction of Arbitrary Spherical Compressional Waves at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces and at Solid-Solid Interfaces with Equal Shear Velocities and Equal Densities, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.10, 35-67.

R. Bortfeld (1962), Reflection and Refraction of Spherical Compressional Waves at Arbitrary Plane Interfaces, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.10, 517-538.

R. Bortfeld (1964), Examples of Synthetic Refraction Arrivals and Wide-Angle Reflections, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.12, 100-114.

R. Bortfeld (1967), Elastic Waves in Layered Media, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.15 (4), 644-650.

M.D. Verweij and A.T. de Hoop (1990), Determination of Seismic Wavefields in Arbitrarily Continously Layered Media Using the Modified Cagniard Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.103, 731-754.

F. Wenzel, K.-J. Stenzel, and U. Zimmermann (1990), Wave Propagation in Laterally Heterogeneous Layered Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.103, 675-684.


###### Seismology (Journal)

*B.T. Aagaard, J.F. Hall, and T.H. Heaton (2001), Characterization of near-source ground motions with earthquake simulations, Earthquake Spectra, Vol.17 (2), 177-207. (* near-source ground motion)

B.T. Aagaard, T.H. Heaton, and J.F. Hall (2001), Dynamic earthquake ruptures in the presence of lithostatic normal stresses: implications for friction models and heat production, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.91 (6), 1765-1796.

R.E. Abercrombie and G. Ekstr\"om (2001), Earthquake slip on oceanic tranform faults, Nature, Vol.410, 74-77.

F. Abramovici (1970), Numerical Seismograms for a Layered Elastic Solid, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.60 (6), 1861-1876.

F. Abramovici and J. Gal-Ezer (1978), Numerical Seismograms for a Vertical Point-Force in a Layered Solid, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.68 (1), 81-101.

D.A. Adams and R.E. Abercrombie (1998), Seismic attenuation above 10 Hz in southern California from coda waves recorded in the Cajon Pass borehole, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B10), 24,257-24,270.

Y. Ai, D. Zhao, X. Gao, and W. Xu (2005), The crust and upper mantle discontinuity structure beneath Alaska inferred from receiver functions, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.150, 339-350.

K. Aki (1973), Scattering of P waves under the Montana Lasa, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.78 (8), 1334-1346.

K. Aki (1980), Attenuation of shear-waves in the lithosphere for frequencies from 0.05 to 25 Hz, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.21, 50-60.

K. Aki (1992), Scattering conversions P to S versus S to P, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.82 (4), 1969-1972.

K. Aki, M. Bouchon, and P. Reasenberg (1974), Seismic source function for an underground nuclear explosion, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.64 (1), 131-148.

K. Aki and B. Chouet (1975), Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation, and scattering effects, J. Geophys. Res., vol.80 (23), 3322-3342.

K. Aki and V. Ferrazzini (2000), Seismic monitoring and modelling of an active volcano for prediction, J. Geophys. Res., vol.105 (B7), 16,617-16,640.

A. Akinci and H. Eyido\v{g}an (2000), Scattering and anelastic attenuation of seismic energy in the vicinity of north anatolian fault zone, eastern Turkey, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.122, 229-239.

A. Akinci, J. Mejia, and A.L> Jemberie (2004), Attenuative dispersion of P waves and crustal Q in Turkey and Germany, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.161, 73-91.

A. Alinaghi,G. Bock, R. Kind, W. Handa, K. Wylegalla, TOR, and SVEKALAPKO Working Group (2003), Receiver function analysis of the crust and upper mantle from the North German Basin to the Archaean Baltic Shield, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.155, 641-652.

T. Alkhalifah (1995), Efficient Synthetic-Seismogram Generation in Transversely Isotropic, Inhomogeneous Media, Geophysics, Vol.60 (4), 1139-1150.

T. Alkhalifah (2000), An Acoustic Wave Equation for Anisotropic Media, Geophysics, Vol.65 (4), 1239-1250.

R.M. Allen and J. Tromp (2005), Resolution of regional seismic models: Squeezing the Iceland anomaly, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.161, 373-386.

Z. Alterman and F.C. Karal, Jr. (1968), Propagation of Elastic Waves in Layered Media by Finite Difference Methods, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.58 (1), 367-398.

K. Al-Damegh, E. Sandvol, A. al-Lazki, and M. Barazangi (2004), Regional seismic wave propagation (Lg and Sn) and Pn attenuation in the Arabian Plate and surrounding regions, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 775-795.

G.I. Al-Eqabi, K.D. Koper, and M.E. Wysession (2001), Source characterization of Nevada Test Site explosions and western U.S. Earthquakes using Lg waves: Implications for regional source discrimination, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.91 (1), 140-153.

J. Almendros, J.M. Ib\'{a}\~{n}ez, G. Alguacil, and E. Del Pezzo (1999), Array analysis using circular-wave-front geometry: an application to locate the nearby seismo-volcanic source, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.136, 159-170.

D.L. Anderson (2001), Top-down tectonics?, Science, Vol.293, 2016-2018.

G. Anderson and C. Ji (2003), Static stress transfer during the 2002 Nenana Mountain-Denali Fault, Alaska, earthquake sequence, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.30 (6), 1310, doi:10.1029/2002GL016724.

W.L. Anderson (1989), A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling, Geophysics, Vol.54 (2), 263-266.

D.J. Andrews (1973), A numerical study of tectonic stress release by underground explosions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.63 (4), 1375-1391.

D.J. Andrews and Y. Ben-Zion (1997), Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B1), 553-571.

R.J. Apsel and J.E. Luco (1983), On the Green's Functions for a Layered Half-Space, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.73 (4), 931-951.

B. Arntsen and J.M. Carcione (2000), A New Insight into the Reciprocity Principle, Geophysics, Vol.65 (5), 1604-1612.

I.M. Artemieva, M. Billien, J.-J. L\'{e}v\^{e}que, and W.D. Mooney (2004), Shear wave velocity, seismic attenuation, and thermal structure of the continental upper mantle, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 607-628.

J. Artru, T. Farges, and P. Lognonn\'{e} (2004), Acoustic waves generated from seismic surface waves: propagation properties determined from Doppler sounding observations and normal-mode modelling, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158 (3), (in press)

S. Assefa, C. McCann, and J. Sothcott (1999), Attenuation of P- and S-waves in limestones, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.47, 359-392.

T. Baba, Y. Tanioka, P.R. Cummins, and K. Uhira (2002), The slip distribution of the 1946 Nankai earthquake estimated from tsunami iversion using a new plate model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 59-73.

A.M. Baig, F.A. Dahlen, and S.-H. Hung (2003), Traveltimes of waves in three-dimensional random media, Geophys. J. Int., vol.153, 467-482.

A.M. Baig and F.A. Dahlen (2004), Statistics of traveltimes and amplitudes in random media, Geophys. J. Int., vol.158, 187-210.

A.M. Baig and F.A. Dahlen (2004), Travetime biases in random media and the S-wave discrepancy, Geophys. J. Int., vol.158 (2), (in press).

G.E. Baker, J. Stenvens, and H. Xu (2004), Lg group velocity: a depth discriminant revisited, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.94 (2), 722-739.

G. Bal (2003?), On the self-averaging of wave energy in random media, ????.

G. Bal, G. Ppanicolaou, and L. Ryzhik (2002), Self-averaging in time reversal for the parabolic wave equation, Stochastics and Dynamics, vol.2 (4), 507-531.

G. Bal and M. Moscoso (2000), Polarization effects of seismic waves on the basis of radiative transport theory, Geophys. J. Int., vol.142, 571-585.

C.-G. Bank and M.G. Bostock (2003), Linearized inverse scattering of teleseismic waves for anisotropic crust and mantle structure: 2. numerical examples and application to data from Canadian stations, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B5), 2259, doi:10.1029/2002JB001951.

S.C. Bannister, E.S. Husebye, and B.O. Ruud (1990), Telesemsic P coda analyzed by three-component and array techniques: Deterministic location of topographic P-to-Rg scattering near the NORESS array, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.80 (6), 1969-1986.

S. Bannister and A. Melhuish (1997), Seismic scattering and reverberation, Kaingaroa plateau, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics, vol.40, 375-381.

G. Barberi, M.T. Cosentino, A. Gervasi, I. Guerra, G. Neri, and B. Orecchio (2004), Crustal seismic tomography in the Calabrian Arc region, south Italy, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.147 (4), (in press).

T. Bartosch and J. Wassermann (2004), Wavelet coherence analysis of broadband array data recorded at Stromboli volcano, Italy, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.94 (1), 44-52.

F.G. Bass, V.D. Freilikher and V.V. Prosentsov (39), Nonlinear scatterers in nonlinear media: Born approximation and local perturbation method, Waves Random Media, vol.12, 39-46.

K. Bataille and S.M. Flatt\'{e} (1988), Inhomogeneities near the core-mantle boundary inferred from short-period scattered PKP waves recorded at the Global Didital Seismograph Network, J. Geophys. Res., vol.93 (B12), 15,057-15,064.

K. Bataille, R.-S. Wu, and S.M. Flatt\'{e} (1990), Inhomogeneities near the core-mantle boundary evidenced from scattered waves: a review, Pure Appl. Geophys., vol.132, 151-173.

D.R. Baumgardt (1990), Investigation of teleseismic Lg blockage and scattering using regional arrays, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (6), 2261-2281.

D.R. Baumgardt (2001), Sedimentary basins and the blockage of Lg wave propagation in the continents, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 1207-1250.

A. Bayliss, K.E. Jordan, B.J. LeMesurier, and E. Turkel (1986), A Fourth-Order Accurate Finite-Difference Scheme for the Computation of Elastic Waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.76 (4), 1115-1132.

R.M. Beam and R.F. Warming (2000), Multiresolution analysis and supercompact multiwavelets, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol.22 (4), 1238-1268.

C. Beghein and J. Trampert (2004), Probability density functions for radial anisotropy from fundamental mode surface wave data and the Neighbourhood Algorithm, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 1163-1174.

R. Benites, K. Aki, and K. Yomogida (1992), Multiple Scattering of SH Waves in 2-D Media iwth Many Cavities, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.138 (3), 353-390.

R. Benites, P.M. Roberts, K. Yomogida, and M. Fehler (1997), Scattering of Elastic Waves in 2-D Composite Media I: Theory and Test, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.), Vol.104, 161-173.

A. Ben-Menahem and R.L. Gibson, Jr. (1990), Scattering of Elastic Waves by Localized Anisotropic Inclusions, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (6), 2300-2309.

A. Ben-Menahem and A.G. Sena (1990), Seismic Source Theory in Stratified Anisotropic Media, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.95 (B10), 15,395-15,427.

A. Ben-Menahem and A.G. Sena (1990), The Elastodynamic Green's Tensor in an Anisotropic Half-Space, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.102, 421-443.

A. Ben-Menahem, R.L. Gibson Jr., and A.G. Sena (1991), Green's Tensor and Radiation Patterns of Point Sources in General Anisotropic Inhomogeneous Elastic Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.107, 297-308.

Y. Ben-Zion (1989), The Response of Two Jointed Quarter Spaces to SH Line Sources Located at the Material Discontinuity Interface, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.98, 213-222.

Y. Ben-Zion (1990), The Response of Two Half Spaces to Point Dislocations at the Material Interface, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.101, 507-528.

Y. Ben-Zion (1996), Stress slip, and earthquakes in models of complex single-fault systems incorporating brittle and creep deformations, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101, (B3) 5677-5706.

Y. Ben-Zion (1998), Properties of Seismic Fault Zone Waves and Their Utility for Imaging Low-Velocity Structures, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B6), 12,567-12,585.

Y. Ben-Zion (1999), Corrigendum: The Response of Two Half Spaces to Point Dislocations at the Material Interface by Ben-Zion (1990), Geophys. J. Int., Vol.137, 580-582.

Y. Ben-Zion (2001), Dynamic ruptures in recent models of earthquake faults, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.49, 2209-2244.

Y. Ben-Zion (2003), Key formulas in earthquake seismology, in 'International handbook of earthquake and engineering seismology, part B, (in press).

Y. Ben-Zion and K. Aki (1990), Seismic Radiation from an SH Line Source in a Laterally Heterogeneous Planar Fault Zone, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (4), 971-994.

Y. Ben-Zion and D.J. Andrews (1998), Properties and Implications of Dynamic Rupture along a Material Interface, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.88 (4), 1085-1094.

Y. Ben-Zion and Y. Huang (2002), Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B2), 10.1029/2001JB000254.

Y. Ben-Zion, Z. Peng, D. Okaya, L. Seeber, J.G. Armbruster, N. Ozer, A.J. Michael, S. Baris, and M. Aktar (2003), A shallow fault-zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian fault, Geophy. J. Int., (in press).

Y. Ben-Zion and J.R. Rice (1997), Dynamic simulations of slip on a smooth fault in an elastic solid, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B8), 17,771-17,784.

Y. Ben-Zion and C.G. Sammis (2003), Chracterization of fault zones, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 677-715.

M.E. Belardinelli, A. Bizzarri, and M. Cocco (2003), Earthquake triggering by static and dynamic stress changes J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B3), doi:10.1029/2002JB001779.

N.N. Belyashova, V.I. Shacilov,N.N. Mikhailova, I.I. Komarov, Z.I. Sinyova, A.V. Belyashov, and M.N. Malakhova (2001), On the use of calibration explosions at the former Semipalatinsk test site for compiling a travel-time model of the crust and upper mantle, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 193-209.

J.-P. Berenger (1994), A perfectly Matched Layer for the Absorption of Electromagnetic Waves, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.114, 185-200.

J. Berger and P. Davis (2004), Ambient Earth noise: A survey of the Global Seismographic Network, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B11307, doi:10.1029/2004JB003408.

M.I. Bergman, L. Giersch, M. Hinczewski, and V. Izzo (2000), Elastic and Attenuation Anisotropy in Directionally Solidified (hcp) Zinc, and the Seismic Anisotropy in the Earth's Inner Core, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.117, 139-151.

L. Berlyand and R. Burridge (1995), The Accuracy of the O'Doherty-Anstey Approximation for Wave Propagation in Highly Disordered Stratified Media, Wave Motion, Vol.29, 357-373.

G.C. Beroza and T. Mikumo (1996), Short slip duration in dynamic rupture in the presence of heterogeneous fault properties, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101, 22,449-22,460.

H. Besserer, adn P. Malischewsky (2003), Mode series expansions at vertical boundaries in elastic waveguides, Wave Motion, (in press).

F. Bianco, E. Del Pezzo, M. Castellano, J. Ibanez, and F. Di Luccio (2002), Separation of intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in the Southern Apennine zone, Italy, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 10-22.

J. Bielak, K. Loukakis, Y. Hisada, and C. Yoshimura (2003), Domain reduction method for three-dimensional earthquake modeling in localized regions, Part I: theory, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 817-824.

S.L. Bilek, T. Lay, and L.J. Ruff (2004), Radiated seismic energy and earthquake source duration variations from teleseismic source time functions for shallow subduction zone thrust earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B09308), doi:10.1029/2004JB003039.

C.R. Bina and G. Helffrich (1994), Phase transition Clapeyron slopes and transition zone seismic discontinuity topography, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B8), 15,853-15,860.

J. O. Blanch, J. O.A. Robertsson, and W.W. Symes (1995), Modeling of a constant Q; Methodology and algorithm for an efficient and optimally inexpensive viscoelastic technique, Geophysics, Vol.60 (1), 176-184.

J. Blum and Y. Shen (2004), Thermal, hydrous, and mechanical states of the mantle transition zone beneath southern Africa, Earth Planet Sci. Lett., Vol.217, 367-378.

T. Bohlen (2002), Parallel 3-D viscoelastic finite difference seismic modelling, Computers & Geosciences, Vol.28, 887-899.

J.L. Bonner, D.D. Blackwell, and E.T. Herrin (2003), Thermal constraints on earthquake depths in California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (6), 2333-2354.

J.L. Bonner, D.G. Harkrider, E.T. Herrin, R.H. Shumway, S.A. Russell, and I.M. Tibuleac (2003), Evaluation of short-period, near-regional Ms scales for the Nevada test site, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (4), 1773-1791.

J.L. Bonner, D.C. Pearson, W.S. Phillips, and S.R. Taylor (2001), Shallow velocity structure at the Shagan river test site in Kazakhstan, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 2017-2039.

D.M. Boore (1972), Finite Difference Methods for Seismic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Materials, in Methods in Computational Physics, Advances in Research and Applications, Volume 11, Seismology: Surface Waves and Earth Oscillations, edited by B.A. Bolt, Academic Press, New York, 1-37.

R. Bortfeld (1961), Approximation to the Reflection and Transmission Coefficients of Plane Longitudinal and Transverse Waves, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.9, 485-502.

R. Bortfeld (1962), Exact Solution of the Reflection and Refraction of Arbitrary Spherical Compressional Waves at Liquid-Liquid Interfaces and at Solid-Solid Interfaces with Equal Shear Velocities and Equal Densities, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.10, 35-67.

R. Bortfeld (1962), Reflection and Refraction of Spherical Compressional Waves at Arbitrary Plane Interfaces, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.10, 517-538.

R. Bortfeld (1964), Examples of Synthetic Refraction Arrivals and Wide-Angle Reflections, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.12, 100-114.

R. Bortfeld (1967), Elastic Waves in Layered Media, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.15 (4), 644-650.

L. Boschi and A.M. Dziewonski (2000), Whole Earth tomography from delay times of P, PcP, and PKP phases: lateral heterogeneities in the outer core or radial anisotropy in the mantle?, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B5), 2258, doi:10.1029/2002JB001950.

M.G. Bostock (1991), Surface wave scattering from 3-D obstacles, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.104, 351-370.

M.G. Bostock (2003), Linearized inverse scattering of teleseismic waves for anisotropic crust and mantle structure: 1. theory, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B6), 13,675-13,696.

M.G. Bostock and B.L.N. Kennett (1990), The Effect of 3-D Structure on Lg Propagation Patterns, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.101, 355-365.

M.G. Bostock and S. Rondenay (1999), Migration of scattered teleseismic body waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.137, 732-746.

A. Bostr\"{o}m, T. Grahn, and A.J. Niklasson (2003), Scattering of elastic waves by a rectangular crack in an anisotropic half-space, Wave Motion, Vol.38, 91-107.

M. Bouchon (1980), Calculation of Complete Seismograms for an Explosive Source in a Layered Medium, Geophysics, Vol.45 (2), 197-203.

M. Bouchon (1981), A Simple Method to Calculate Green's Functions for Elastic Layered Media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.71 (4), 959-971.

M. Bouchon (2003), A review of the discrete wavenumber method, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 445-465.

M. Bouchon and K. Aki (1977), Discrete Wave-Number Representation of Seismic-Source Wave Fields, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.67 (2), 259-277.

M. Bouchon, C.A. Schultz, and M.N. Toks\"oz (1996), Effect of three-dimensional topography on seismic motion, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B3), 5835-5846.

C. Boutin, G. Bonnet, and P.Y. Bard (1987), Green Functions and Associated Sources in Infinite and Stratified Poroelastic Media, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.90, 521-550.

J.R. Bowman and B.L.N. Kennett (1990), An investigation of the upper mantle beneath NW Australia using a hybrid seismograph array, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.101, 411-424.

J.R. Bowman, G.E. Baker, and M. Bahavar (2005), Ambient infrasound noise, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L09803, doi:10.1029/2005GL022486.

L. Bra\~{n}a and G. Helffrich (2004), A scattering region near the core-mantle boundary under the North Atlantic, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158, 625-636.

J. Brittan, M. Warner, and G. Pratt (1995), Anisotropic Parameters of Layered Media in Terms of Composite Elastic Properties, Geophysics, Vol.60 (4), 1243-1248.

V.T. Buchwald (1961), Rayleigh Waves in Transversely Isotropic Media, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math.), Vol.14, 293-317.

V.T. Buchwald (1961), Rayleigh Waves in Anisotropic Media, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math.), Vol.14, 461-469.

B.G. Bukchin, A.Z. Mostinsky, A.A. Egorkin, A.L. Levshin, and M.H. Ritzwoller (2001), Isotropic and nonisotropic components of earthquakes and nuclear explosions on the Lop Nor Test Site, China, Vol.158, 1497-1515.

R. Buland and C.H. Chapman (1983), The computation of seismic travel times, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.73 (5), 1271-1302.

R. Burridge (1971), Lamb's Problem for an Anisotropic Half-Space, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics (Q. J. Mech. Appl. Math.), Vol.24, 81-98.

R. Burridge (1984), The Group of Motions in the Plane and Separation of Variables in Cylindrical Coordinates, in "Mathematical Methods in Energy Research" edited by K.I. Gross, SIAM (Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics), Philadelphia, 22-39.

R. Burridge, G. Papanicolaou, P. Sheng, and B. White (1987), Pulse Reflections by a Random Media, in "Non-Classical Continuum Mechanics", Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society Symposium, Durham, July 1986, edited by R.J. Knops and A.A. Lacey, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 3-21.

R. Burridge, G. Papanicolaou, P. Sheng, and B. White (1989), Probing a Random Medium with a Pulse, SIAM J. Appl. Math., Vol.49 (2), 582-607.

R. Burridge, G. Papanicolaou, and B. White (1987), Statistics for Pulse Reflection from a Randomly Layered Medium, SIAM J. Appl. Math., Vol.47 (1), 146-168.

R. Burridge, G. Papanicolaou, and B. White (1987), The System of Backscatter for Pulse Reflection from a Randomly Stratified Medium, in "Random Media", IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, Volume 7, edited by G. Papanicolaou, Springer-Verlag, New York, 22-43.

R. Burridge, M.V. de Heoop, D. Miller, and C. Spencer (1998), Mutliparameter inversion in anisotropic elastic media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.134, 757-777.

R. Butler, C.S. McCreery, L.N. Frazer, and D.A. Walker (1987), High-frequency seismic attenuation of oceanic P and S waves in the western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., vol.92 (B2), 1383-1396.

A. Calvert, E. Sandvol, D. Seber, M. Barazangi, F. Vidal, G. Alguacil, and N. Jabour (2000), Propagation of regional seismic phases (Lg and Sn) and Pn velocity structure along the Africa-Iberia plate boundary zone: tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.142, 384-408.

M. Campillo and A. Paul (2003), Long-range correlations in the diffuse seismic coda, Science, vol.299, 547-549.

M. Campillo and J.L. Plantet (1991), Frequency dependence and spatial distribution of seismic attenuation in France: experimental results and possible interpretations, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.67, 48-64.

M. Campillo, J.L. Plantet, and M. Bouchon (1985), Frequency-dependent attenuation in the crust beneath central France from \textit{Lg} waves: Data analysis and numerical modeling, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75, 1395-1411.

Y. Cansi (1995), An automatic seismic event processing for detection and location: The P.M.C.C. method, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.22, 1021-1024.

M. Cannat (1996), How thick is the magmatic crust at slow spreading oceanic ridges?, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B2), 2847-2857.

A. Cao and B. Romanowicz (2004), Constraints on density and shear velocity constrasts at the inner core boundary, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 1146-1151.

S. Cao and K.J. Muirhead (1993), Finite Difference Modelling of Lg Blockage, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 85-96.

Y. Capdevile, E. Chaljub, J.P. Vilotte, and J.P. Montagner (2003), Coupling the spectral element method with a modal solution for elastic wave propagation in global earth models, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.152, 34-67.

Y. Capdevile, C. Larmat, J.-P. Vilotte, and J.-P. Montagner (2002), A New Coupled Spectral Element and Modal Solution Method for Global Seismology: A First Application to the Scattering Induced by a Plume-Like Anomaly, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (9), doi:10.1029/2001GL013747.

Y. Capdevile, A. To, and B. Romanowicz (2003), Coupling the spectral elements and modes in a spherical Earth: an extension to the `sandwich' case, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.154, 44-57.

J. Capon (1974), Characterization of crust and upper mantle structure under LASA as a random media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.64 (1), 235-266.

\"{O} \,{C}akir and M. Erduran (2001), Effect of earth structure and source time function on inversion of single-station regional surface waves for rupture mechanism and focal depth, J. Balkan Geophys. Soc., Vol.4 (4), 69-90.

M. Cara and J.B. Minster (1981), Multi-mode analysis of Rayleigh-type Lg, Part 1. theory and applicability of the method, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.71 (4), 973-984.

J.M. Carcione (1990), Wave Propagation in Anisotropic Linear Viscoleastic Media: Theory and Simulated Wavefields, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.101, 739-750.

J.M. Carcione (1992), Modeling Anelastic Singular Surface Waves in the Earth, Geophysics, Vol.57 (6), 781-792.

J.M. Carcione (1993), Seismic Modelling in Viscoelastic Media, Geophysics, Vol.58 (1), 110-120.

J.M. Carcione (1994), The Wave Equation in Generalized Coordinates, Geophysics, Vol.59 (12), 1911-1919.

J.M. Carcione (1995), Constitutive Model and Wave Equations for Linear, Viscoelastic, Anisotropic Media, Geophysics, Vol.60 (2), 537-548.

J.M. Carcione (1996), Elastodynamics of a non-ideal interface: application to crack and fracture scattering, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B12), 28,177-28,188.

J.M. Carcione (1998), Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Plane Crack of Finite Width in a Transversely Isotropic Medium, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol.22, 263-275.

J.M. Carcione (1999), Staggered Mesh for the Anisotropic and Viscoelastic Wave Equation, Vol.64 (6), 1863-1866.

J.M. Carcione and F. Cavallini (1995), The Generalized W-Wave Equations, Geophysics, Vol.60 (2), 549-555.

J.M. Carcione, F. Cavallini, F. Mainardi, and A. Hanyga (2002), Time-Domain Modeling of Constant-Q Seismic Waves Using Fractional Derivatives, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 1719-1736.

J.M. Carcione, I.R. Finetti, and D. Gei (2003), Seismic modeling study of the Earth's deep crust, Geophysics, Vol.68 (2), 656-664.

J.M. Carcione and H.B. Helle (2004), The physics and simulation of wave propagation at the ocean bottom, Geophysics, Vol.69 (3), 825-839.

J.M. Carcione, G.C. Herman, and A.P.E. ten Kroode (2002), Seismic Modeling, Geophysics, Vol.67 (4), 1304-1325.

J.M. Carcione, D. Kosloff, and R. Kosloff (1988), Wave-Propagatrion Simulation in an Elastic Anisotropic (Transversely Isotropic) Solid, Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics (Q. J. Mech. appl. Math.), Vol.41 (3), 319-345.

J.M. Carcione, D. Kosloff, and R. Kosloff (1988), Wave Propagation Simulation in a Linear Viscoacoustic Medium, Geophysical Journal (Geophys. J.), Vol.93, 393-407.

J.M. Carcione, D. Kosloff, and R. Kosloff (1988), Wave Propagation Simulation in a Linear Viscoelastic Medium, Geophysical Journal (Geophys. J.), Vol.95, 597-611.

J.M. Carcione, D. Kosloff, and A. Behle (1991), Long-Wave Aniostropy in Stratified Media: A Numerical Test, Geophysics, Vol.56 (2), 245-254.

J.M. Carcione, D. Kosloff, A. Behle, and G.Seriani (1992), A Spectral Scheme for Wave Propagation Simulation in 3-D Elastic-Anisotropic Media, Geophysics, Vol.57 (12), 1593-1607.

J.M. Carcione, F. Poletto, and D. Gei (2004), 3-D wave simulation in anelastic media using the Kelvin-Voigt constitutive equation, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.196, 282-297.

J.M. Carcione, G. Quiroga-Goode, F. Cavallini (1996), Wavefronts in Dissipative Anisotropic Media: Comparison of the Plane-Wave Theory with Numerical Modeling, Geophysics, Vol.61 (3), 857-861.

J.M. Carcione and U. Tinivella (2001), The Seismic Response to Overpressure: a Modelling Study Based on Laboratory, Well and Seismic Data, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.49, 523-539.

P.J. Carpenter and A.R. Sanford (1985), Apparent Q for upper crustal rocks of the Central Rio Grande Rift, J. Geophys. Res., Vol90 (B10), 8661-8674.

R. Castro, C.J. Rebollar, L. Inzunza, L. Orozco, J. S\'{a}nchez, O. G\'{a}lvez, F.J. Farf\'{a}n, I. M\'{e}ndez (1997), Direct body-wave Q estimates in northern Baja California, Mexico, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.103, 33-38.

C. Cerjan, D. Kosloff, R. Kosloff and M. Reshef (1985), A Nonreflecting Boundary Condition for Discrete Acoustic and Elastic Wave Equations, Geophysics, Vol.50 (4), 705-708.

E. Chaljub, Y. Capdeville, and J.-P. Vilotte (2003), Solving elastodynamics in a fluid-solid heterogeneous sphere: a parallel spectral element approximation on non-confirming grids, J. comput. Phys., Vol.187, 457-491.

E. Chaljub and A. Tarantola (1997), Sensitivity of SS Precursors to Topography on the Upper-Mantle 660-km Discontinuity, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.24 (21), 2613-2616.

E. Chaljub and B. Valette (2004), Spectral element modelling of three-dimensional wave propagation in a self-gravitating Earth with an arbitrarily stratified outer core, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158, 131-141.

S.-J. Chang, C.-E. Baag, and C.A. Langston (2004), Joint analysis of teleseismic receiver functions and surface wave dispersion using the genetic algorithm, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (2), 691-704.

N. Chemingui (2001), Modeling 3-D anisotropic fractal media, Stanford Exploration Project, Report 80, May 15, 2001, p.1-586.

G. Chen (1996), Comparison of 2-D Numerical Viscoelastic Waveform Modeling with Ultrasonic Physical Modeling, Geophysics, Vol.61 (3), 862-871.

G. Chen and H.-W. Zhou (1994), Boundary Element Modeling of Nondissipative and Dissipative Waves, Geophysics, Vol.59 (1), 113-118.

X. Chen and L.T. Long (2000), Spatial distribution of relative scattering coefficients determined from microearthquake coda, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (2), 512-524.

H.-X. Cheng and B.L.N. Kennett (2002), Frequency Dependence of Seismic Wave Attenuation in the Upper Mantle Beneath the Australian Region, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 45-57.

S. Chevrot, N. Favier, and D. Komatitsch (2004), Shear wave splitting in three-dimensional anisotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 711-720.

S. Chevrot, L. Vinnik, and J.-P. Montagner (1999), Global-scale analysis of the mantle Pds phases, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B9), 20,203-20,219.

B. Chouet (2003), Volcano seismology, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 739-788.

D.K. Chowdhury and C.W. Frasier (1978), Evidence for Anisotropic Scattering of Short-Period P Phases in the Upper Mantle, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.68 (3), 609-618.

K.-Y. Chun, G.A. Henderson, and J. Liu (2004), Temporal changes in P wave attenuation in the Loma Prieta rupture zone, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B02317), doi:1029/2003JB002498.

T.-W. Chung and H. Sato (2001), Attenuation of high-frequency P and S waves in the crust of southeastern South Korea, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.91 (6), 1867-1874.

R. Clayton and B. Engquist (1977), Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Acoustic and Elastic Wave Equations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.67 (6), 1529-1540.

J.R. Cleary and R.A.W. Haddon (1972), Seismic wave scattering near the core-mantle boundary: a new interpretation of precursors to PKP, Nature, Vol.240, 549-551.

R.T. Coates and M. Schoenberg (1995), Finite-difference modeling of faults and fractures, Geophysics, Vol.60 (5), 1514-1526.

A. Cochard and J.R. Rice (2000), Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: Ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B11), 25,891-25,907.

J.D. Collier, G.R. Helffrich, and B.J. Wood (2001), Seismic discontinuities and subduction zones, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.127, 35-49.

F. Collino and C. Tsogka (2001), Application of the perfectly matched absorbing layer model to the linear elastodynamic problem in anisotropic heterogeneous media, Geophysics, Vol.66 (1), 294-307.

D. Colton, J. Coyle, and P. Monk (2000), Recent developments in inverse acoustic scattering theory, SIAM Review, vol.42 (3), 369-414.

L. Cong and B.J. Mitchell (1998), Lg coda Q and its relation to the geology and tectonics of the Middle East, Pure Appl. Geophys., vol.153, 563-585.

V.F. Cormier (1989), Slab Diffraction of S Waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B3), 3006-3024.

V.F. Cormier (1995), Time-domain modelling of PKIKP precursors for constraints on the heterogeneity in the lowermost mantle, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.121, 725-736.

V.F. Cormier (1999), Anisotropy of heterogeneity scale lengths in the lower mantle from PKIKP precursors, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.136, 373-384.

V.F. Cormier and T.S. Anderson (2004), Efficiency of Lg propagation from SmS dynamic ray tracing in three-dimensionally varying crustal waveguides, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.161, 1613-1633.

V.F. Cormier, X. Li, and G.L. Choy (1998), Seismic attenuation of the inner core: viscoelastic or stratigrapohic?, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.25 (21), 4019-4022.

V.F. Cormier and X. Li (2002), Frequency-dependent seismic attenuation in the inner core 2. A scattering and fabric interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), doi:10.1029/2002JB001796.

V. Courtillot, A. Davaille, J. Besse, and J. Stock (2003), Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth's mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.205, 295-308.

O. Coutant (1989), Numerical Study of the Diffraction of Elastic Waves by Fluid-Filled Cracks, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B12), 17805-17818.

O. Coutant, J. Virieux, and A. Zollo (1995), Numerical Source Implementation in a 2D Finite Difference Scheme for Wave Propagation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (5), 1507-1512.

M.L. Cowan, I.P. Jones, J.H. Page, and D.A. Weitz (2002), Diffusing acoustic wave spectroscopy, Phys. Rev. E, Vol.65, 066605, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE65.066605.

S. Crampin and S. Chastin (2003), A review of shear wave splitting in the crack-critical crust, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.155, 221-240.

E. Crase, A. Pica, M. Noble, J. McDonald, and A. Tarantola (1990), Robust Elastic Nonlinear Waveform Inversion: Application to Real Data, Geophysics, Vol.55 (5), 527-538.

K.C. Creager (1997), Inner core rotation rate from small-scale heterogeneity and time-varying travel times, Science, Vol.278, 1284-1288.

H.P. Crotwell, T.J. Owens, and J. Ritsema (1999), The TauP Toolkit: Flexible seismic travel-time and raypath utilities, Seis. Res. Letters, vol.70, 154-170.

P.R. Cummins, T. Baba, S. Kodaira, and Y. Kaneda (2002), The 1946 Nankai earthquake and segmentation of the Nankai Trough, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 75-87.

A. Curtis, J. Trampert, R. Snieder, and B. Dost (1998), Euraian fundamental mode surface wave phase velocities and their relationship with tectonic structures, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B11), 26,919-26,947.

M.A. Dablain (1986), The Application of High-Order Differencing to the Scalar Wave Equation, Geophysics, Vol.51 (1), 54-66.

N. Dai, A. Vafidis and E.R. Kanasewich (1994), Composite Absorbing Boundaries for the Numerical Simulation of Seismic Waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (1), 185-191.

N. Dai, A. Vafidis and E.R. Kanasewich (1995), Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous, Porous Media: A Velocity-Stress, Finite Difference Method, Geophysics, Vol.60 (2), 327-340.

A.M. Dainty (1981), A scattering model to explain seismic Q observations in the lithosphere between 1 and 30 Hz, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.8 (11), 1126-1128.

A.M. Dainty, R.M. Duckworth, and A. Tie (1987), Attenuation and backscattering from local coda, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.77 (5), 1728-1747.

A.M. Dainty and C.A. Schultz (1995), Crustal reflections and the nature of regional P coda, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (3), 851-858.

A.M. Dainty and M.N. Toks\"{o}z (1990), Array analysis of seismic scattering, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (6), 2242-2260.

E. Daly, C. Brown, C.P. Stark, and C.J> Ebinger (2004), Wavelet and multitaper coherent methods for assessing the elastic thickness of the Irish Atlantic margin, Geophys. J .Int., Vol.159, 445-459.

S. Das (2003), Spontaneous complex earthquake rupture propagation, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 579-602.

S.M. Day and K.L. McLaughlin (1991), Seismic source representations for spall Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.81, 191-201.

E. Debayle and B.L.N. Kennett (2000), Anisotrophy in the Australian Upper Mantle from Love and Rayleigh Waveform Inversion, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol. 184, 339-351.

E. Debayle and B.L.N. Kennett (2000), The Australian Continental Upper Mantle: Structure and Deformation Inferred from Surfce Waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 105 (B11), 25423-25450.

C. de Groot-Hedlin and J. Orcutt (2001), T-phase observations in northern California: Acoustic to seismic coupling at a weakly elastic boundary, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 513-530.

A.T. de Hoop (2000), Transient Two-Dimensional Kirchhoff Diffraction of a Plane Elastic SH Wave by a Generalized Linear-Slip Fracture, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.143, 319-327.

A.T. de Hoop and M.V. de Hoop (2003), Transient elastic P and SV wave edge diffraction by a semi-inifite perfect-slip fracture in an isotropic dispersive solid: A cannoical problem, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.108 (B4), 2214, doi:10.1029/2001JB000903.

A.T. de Hoop and J.H.M.T. van der Hijden (1983), Generation of Acoustic Waves by an Impulsive Line Source in a Fluid/Solid Configuration with a Plane Boundary, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (1), 333-342.

A.T. de Hoop and J.H.M.T. van der Hijden (1984), Generation of Acoustic Waves by an Impulsive Point Source in a Fluid/Solid Configuration with a Plane Boundary, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (6), 1709-1715.

A.T. de Hoop and J.H.M.T. van der Hijden (1985), Seismic Waves Generated by an Impulsive Point Source in a Solid/Fluid Configuration with a Plane Boundary, Geophysics, Vol.50 (7), 1083-1090.

S. de Lorenzo, G. Di Grazia, E. Giampiccolo, S. Gresta, H. Langer, G. Tusa, and A. Ursino (2004), Source and Qp parameters from pulse width inversion of microearthquake data in southeastern Sicily, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B07308, doi:10.1029/2003JB002577.

J.L. de Souza and B.J. Mitchell (1998), Lg coda Q variations across South America and their relation to crustal evolution, Pure. Appl. Geophys., vol.153, 587-612.

E. Del Pezzo, J. Ibanez, J. Morales, A. Akinci, and R. Maresca (1995), Measurements of intrinsic and scatetring seismic attenuation in the crust, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (5), 1373-1380.

E. Del Pezzo, M. La Rocca, and J. Ibanez (1997), Observations of high-frequency scattered waves using dense arrays at Teide Volcano, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (6), 1637-1647.

N. Deichmann and M. Garcia-Fernandez (1992), Rupture geometry from high-precision relative hypocentre locations of microearthquake clusters, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.110, 501-517.

Z.A. Der (1998), High-frequency P- and S-wave attenuation in the earth, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 273-310.

Z.A. Der, M.E. Marshall, A. O'Donnell, and T.W. McElfresh (1984), Spatial coherence structure and attenuation of the Lg phase, site effects, and the interpretation of the Lg coda, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (4), 1125-1147.

Z. Der, T. McElfresh, R. Wagner, and J. Burnetti (1985), Spectral characteristics of P waves from nuclear explosions and yield estimation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (2), 379-390.

A. Derode, E. Larose, M. Tanter, J. de Rosny, A. Tourin, M. Campillo, and M. Fink (2003), Recovering the Green's function from field-field correlations, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.113 (6), 2973-2976.

F. Deschamps and J. Trampert (2004), Towards a lower mantle reference temperature and composition, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.222, 161-175.

C.W. Devey, K.S. Lackschewitz, and E. Baker (2005), Hydrothermal and volcanic activity found on the Southern Mid-Atlantic Ridge, EOS, vol.86 (22), 209-216.

S.C. Dey, B.L.N. Kennett, J.R. Bowman, and A. Goody (1993), Variations in upper mantle structure under northern Australia, Geophys. J. Int., vol.114, 304-310.

Q. Di, L. Zhu, and M. Wang (2000), 2-D Finite Element Modeling for Seismic Wave Response in Media with Sand Bodies, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.120, 245-254.

J. Dieterich (1994), A constitutive law for rate of earthquake production and its application to earthquake clustering, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B2), 2601-2618.

X.-Y. Ding and S.P. Grand (1994), Seismic Structure of the Deep Kurile Subduction Zone, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B12), 23,767-23,786.

D.A. Dodge and G.C. Beroza (1997), Source array analysis of coda waves near the 1989 Loma Prieta, California, mainshock: Implications for the mechanism of coseismic velocity changes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B11), 24,437-24,458.

D.A. Dodge, G.C. Beroza, and W.L. Ellsworth (1995), Foreshock sequence of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake, and its implications for earthquake nucleation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.100 (B7), 9865-9880.

G. Dong and A.S. Papageorgiou (2003), On a new class of knematic models: symmetrical and asymmetrical circular and elliptical cracks, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.137, 129-151.

Z. Dong and G.A. MeMechan (1995), 3-D Viscoelastic Anisotropic Modeling of Data from a Multicomponent, Multiazimuth Seismic Experiment in Northeast Texas, Geophysics, Vol.60 (4), 1128-1138.

D.I. Doser and H. Kanamori (1986), Depth of seismicity in the Imperial Valley region (1977-1983) and its relationship to heat flow, crustal structure, and the October 15, 1979, earthquake, J. Geophys. Res., vol.91 (B1), 675-688.

D.I. Doser and R. Robinson (2002), Modeling stress changes induced by earthquakes in the southern Marlborough region, South Island, New Zealand, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.92 (8), 3229-3238.

M.E. Dougherty and R.A. Stephen (1988), Seismic Energy Partitioning and Scattering in Laterally Heterogeneous Ocean Crust, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.128, 195-229.

D. Dreger, H. Tkal\v{c}i\'{c}, and M. Johnston (2000), Dilational processes accompanying earthquakes in the Long Valley Caldera, Science, Vol.288, 122-125.

D. Dreger and B. Woods (2002), Regional distance seismic moment tensors of nuclear explosions, Tectonophysics, Vol.356, 139-156.

G.G. Drijkoningen (1991), Tunnelling and the Generalized Ray Method in Piecewise Homogeneous Media, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.39, 757-781.

G.G. Drijkoningen and C.H. Chapman (1988), Tunneling Rays Using the Cagniard-De Hoop Method, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.78 (2), 898-907.

W.-x. Du, L.R. Sykes, B.E. Shaw, and C.H. Scholz (2003), Triggered aseismic falut slip from nearby earthquake, static or dynamic effect?, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B2) 2131, doi:10.1029/2002JB002008.

D.B. Duncan (1998), Difference approximations of acoustic and elastic wave equations, in 'Numerical Methods for Wave Propagation', Eds. E.F. Toro and J.F. Clarke, Fluid Mechanics and its Applications Volume 47, pp.197-210.

J.W. Dunkin (1965), Computation of Modal Solutions in Layered, Elastic Media at High Ferquencies, Vol.55 (2), 335-358.

R.A. Dunn and D.W. Forsyth (2003), Imaging the transition between the region of mantle melt generation and the crustal magma chamber beneath the southern East Pacific Rise with short-period Love waves, Vol.108 (B7), 2352, doi:10.1029/2002JB002217.

R.A. Dunn, D.R. Toomey, and S.C. solomon (2000), Three-dimensional seismic structure and physical properties of the crust and shallow mantle beneath the East Pacific Rise at 9^{\circ}30'N, Vol.105 (B10), 23,537-23,555.

U. Dutta, N.N. Biswas, D.A. Adams, and A. Papageorgiou (2004), Analysis of S-wave attenuation in south-central Alaska, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (1), 16-28.

A.D. Dziewonski and D.L. Anderson (1981), Preliminary reference Earth Model, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.25, 297-356.

P.S. Earle (2002), Origins of high-frequency scattered waves near PKKP from Large Aperture Seismic Array data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (2), 751-760.

P.S. Earle and P.M. Shearer (2001), Distribution of fine-scale mantle heterogeneity from observations of Pdiff coda, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.91 (6), 1875-1881.

D.W.S. Eaton, R.R. Stewart, and M.P. Harrison (1991), The Fresnel zone for P-SV waves, Geophysics, Vol.56 (3), 360-364.

G. Ekstr\"{o}m (2001), Time domain analysis of Earth's long-period background seismic radiation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.106 (B11), 26,483-26,493.

G. Ekstr\"{o}m and P.G. Richards (1994), Empirical measurements of tectonic moment release in nuclear explosions from teleseismic surface waves and body waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.117, 120-140.

S.L. Eittreim (1994), Transition from Continental to Oceanic Crust on the Wilkes-Adelie Margin of Antarctica, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B12), 24,189-24,205.

V. Emery, V. Maupin, and H.-C. Nataf (1999), Scattering of S waves diffracted at the core-mantle boundary: forward modelling, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.139, 325-344.

E.R. Engdahl and M.H. Ritzwoller (2001), Crust and upper mantle P- and S-wave delay times at Eurasian seismic stations, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.123, 205-219.

L. Engelhard (1996), Determination of seismic-wave attenuation by complex trace analysis, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.125, 608-622.

B. Engquist and A. Majda (1977), Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Numerical Simulation of Waves, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.31 (139), 629-651.

E. Faccioli, F. Maggio, A. Quarteroni and A. Tagliani (1996), Spectral-Domain Decomposition Methods for the Solution of Acoustic and Elastic Wave Equations, Geophysics, Vol.61 (4), 1160-1174.

E. Faccioli, F. Maggio, R. Paolucci and A. Quarteroni (1997), 2D and 3D Elastic Wave Propagation by a Pseudo-Spectral Domain Decomposition Method, J. Seismology, Vol.1, 237-251.

J. Falk, E. Tessmer, and D. Gajewski (1998), Efficient Finite-Difference Modelling of Seismic Waves Using Locally Adjustable Time Steps, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.46, 603-616.

Y. Fang and G. M\"{u}ller (1996), Attenuation Operators and Complex Wave Velocities for Scattering in Random Media, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.148, 269-285.

U.H. Faul and I. Jackson (2005), The seismological signature of temperature and grain size variations in the upper mantle, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.234, 119-134.

M. Fehler, M. Hoshiba, H. Sato, and K. Obara (1992), Separation of scattering and intrinsic attenuation for the Kanto-Tokai region, Japan, using measurements of S-wave energy versus hypocentral distance, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.108, 787-800.

M. Fehler and H. Sato (2003), Coda, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 541-554.

M. Fehler, H. Sato, and L.-J. Huang (2000), Envelope Broadening of Outgoing Waves in 2D Random Media: A Comparison between the Markov Approximation and Numerical Simulations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (4), 914-928.

J. Fertig (1984), Shear Waves by an Explosive Point-Source: The Earth Surface as a Generator of Converted P-S Waves, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.32, 1-17.

J. Fertig and G. M\"uller (1978), Computations of synthetic seismograms for coal seams with the reflectivity method, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.26, 868-883.

P.W. Fieguth, W.C. Karl, A.S. Willsky, and C. Wunsch (1995), Multiresolution optimal interpolation and statistical analysis of TOPEX/POSEIDON satellite altimetry, IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol.33 (2), 280-292.

C.A. Finn, G.D. Kraft, M.S. Sibol, R.L. Jones, and M.E. Pulaski (2001), Relocation of Wyoming mine production blasts using calibration explosions, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 105-116.

M.P. Flanagan and P.M. Shearer (1998), Global Mapping of Topography on Transition Zone Velocity Discontinuities by Stacking SS Precursors, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B2), 2673-2692.

M.P. Flanagan and P.M. Shearer (1998), Topography on the 410-km Seismic Velocity Discontinuity Near Subduction Zones from Stacking of sS, sP, and pP Precursors, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B9), 21,165-21,182.

M.P. Flanagan and D.A. Wiens (1998), Attenuation of broadband P and S waves in Tonga: observations of frequency dependent Q, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 345-375.

S.M. Flatt\'{e} and R.-S. Wu (1988), Small-scale structure in the lithosphere and asthenosphere deduced from arrival time and amplitude fluctuations at NORSAR, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.93 (B6), 6601-6614.

E.G. Flekkoy and A. Malthe-Sorenssen (2002), Modeling Hydrofracture, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B8), 10.1029/2000JB000132.

J.B. Fletcher, J. Boatwright, and A.G. Lindh (2003), Wave propagation and site response in the Santa Clara Valley, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.93 (1), 480-500.

M. Fohrmann, H. Igel, G. Jahnke, and Y. Ben-Zion (2004), Guided waves from sources outside faults: an indication for shallow fault zone structure?, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.161, 2125-2137.

B. Fornberg (1987), The Pseudospectral Method: Comparisons with Finite Differences for the Elastic Wave Equation, Geophysics, Vol.52 (4), 483-501.

B. Fornberg (1988), The Pseudospectral Method: Accurate Representation of Interfaces in Elastic Wave Calculations, Geophysics, Vol.53 (5), 625-637.

D.W. Forsyth, S.C. Webb, L.M. Dorman, and Yang Shen (1998), Phase velocities of Rayleigh waves in the MELT experiment on the east pacific rise, Science, Vol.280, 1235-1238.

D.W. Forsyth, Y. Yang, M.-D. Mangriotis, and Y. Shen (2003), Coupled seismic slip on adjacent oceanic transform faults, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.30 (12), 1618, doi:10.1029/2002GL016454.

M.J. Fouch, P.G. Silver, D.R. Bell, and J.N. Lee (2004), Small-scale variation in seismic aniostropy near Kimberley, South Africa, Geophy. J. Int., Vol.157, 764-774.

A. Frankel (1989), A Review of Numerical Experiments on Seismic Wave Scattering, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.131 (4), 639-685.

A. Frankel (1991), Mechanisms of seismic attenuation in the crust: scattering and anelasticity in New York state, South Africa, and southern California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B4), 6269-6289.

A. Frankel (1993), Three-Dimensional Simulations of Ground Motions in the San Bernardino Valley, California, for Hypothetical Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (4), 1020-1041.

A. Frankel and R.W. Clayton (1984), A Finite Difference Simulation of Wave Propagation in Two-Dimensional Random Media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (6), 2167-2186.

A. Frankel and R.W. Clayton (1986), Finite Difference Simulations of Seismic Scattering: Implications for the Propagation of Short-Period Seismic Waves in the Crust and Models of Crustal Heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.91 (B6), 6465-6489.

A. Frankel, A. McGarr, J. Bicknell, J. Mori, L. Seeber, and E. Cranswick (1990), Attenuation of high-frequency shear waves in the crust: measurements from New York state, South Africa, and southern California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.95 (B11), 17,441-17,457.

A. Frankel and L. Wennerberg (1987), Energy-Flux Model of Seismic Coda: Separation of Scattering and Intrinsic Attenuation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.77 (4), 1223-1251.

L. Frenje and C. Juhlin (2000), Scattering Attenuation: 2-D and 3-D Finite Difference Simulations vs. Theory, Journal of Applied Geophysics, Vol.44, 33-46.

M. Freybourger, S. Chevrot, F. Kr\"{u}ger, and U. Achauer (2001), A waveform migration for the investigation of P wave structure at the top of D" beneath northern Siberia, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.106 (B3), 4129-4140.

D.J. Frost (2003), The structure and sharpness of (Mg,Fe)2SiO4 phase transformations in the transition zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.216, 313-328.

L.-Y. Fu (2002), Seismogram Synthesis for Piecewise Heterogeneous Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 800-808.

L.-Y. Fu (2003), Numerical study of generalized Lipmann-Schwinger integral equation including surface topography, Geophysics, Vol.68 (2), 665-671.

L.-Y. Fu and M. Bouchon (2004), Discrete wavenumber solutions to numerical wave propagation in piecewise heterogeneous media - I. Theory of two-dimensional SH case, Geophy. J. Int., Vol.157, 481-498.

K. Fuchs and K. Schulz (1976), Tunneling of Low-Frequency Waves through the Subcrustal Lithosphere, J. Geophys., Vol.42, 175-190.

Y. Fukushima, O. Nishizawa, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (2003), Laboratory study on scattering characteristics of shear waves in rock samples, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (1), 253-263.

M. Furumura, B.L.N. Kennett, and T. Furumura (1998), Anomalous Surface Waves Associated with Deep Earthquakes, Generated at an Ocean Ridge, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.134, 663-676.

M. Furumura, B.L.N. Kennett, and T. Furumura (1999), Seismic Wavefield Calculation for Laterally Hetetrogeneous Earth Models-II. The Influence of Upper Mantle Heterogeneity, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.139, 623-644.

T. Furumura and B.L.N. Kennett (1998), On the Nature of Regional Seismic Phases-III. The Influence of Crustal Heterogeneity on the Wavefield for Subduction Earthquakes: the 1985 Michoacan and 1995 Copala, Guerrero, Mexico Earthquakes, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 1060-1084.

T. Furumura and B.L.N. Kennett (2001), Variations in regional phase propagation in the area around Japan, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.91 (4), 667-682.

T. Furumura, B.L.N. Kennett, and M. Furumura (1998), Seismic Wavefield Calculation for Laterally Heterogeneous Whole Earth Models Using the Pseudospectral Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 845-860.

T. Furumura, B.L.N. Kennett, and K. Koketsu (2003), Visualization of 3D wave propagation from the 2000 tottori-ken Seibu, Japan, earthquake: observation and numerical simulation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 870-881.

T. Furumura and S.K. Singh (2002), Regional wave propagation from Mexican subduction zone earthquakes: the attenuation functions for interplate and inslab events, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (6), 2110-2125.

S. Gaffet, C. Larroque, A. Deschamps, and F. Tressols (1998), A dense array experiment for the observation of waveform perturbations, Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, Vol.17, 475-484.

J.B. Gaherty, M. Kato, and T.H. Jordan (1999), Seismological structure of the upper mantle: a regional comparison of seismic layering, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.110, 21-41.

J.J. Galiana-Merino, J. Rosa-Herranz, J. Giner, S. Molina, and F. Botella (2004), Regularized deconvolution of local short-period seismograms in the wavelet packet domain, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (4), 1467-1475.

L.-S. Gao and K. Aki (1996), Effect of Finite Thickness of Scattering Layer on Coda Q of Local Earthquakes, J. Geodynamics, Vol.21 (2), 191-203.

L.-S. Gao and S.L. Li (1990), Time domain solution for multiple scattering and the coda envelope, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.132, 123-150.

S.S. Gao, P.G. Silver, K.H. Liu, and the Kaapvaal Seismic Group (2002), Mantle discontinuities beneath South Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (10), doi:10.1029/2001GL013834.

W.W. Garvin (1956), Exact Transient Solution of the Buried Line Source Problem, Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A., Vol.234, 528-541.

F. Gassman (1964), Introduction to Seismic Travel-Time Methods in Anisotropic Media, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.58, 53-112.

R.J. Geller and N. Takeuchi (1998), Optimally Accurate Second-Order Time-Domain Finite Difference Scheme for the Elastic Equation of Motion: One-Dimensional Case, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 48-62.

D.J. Gendzwill and M.R. Stauffer (1981), Analysis of triaxial ellipsoids: their shapes, plane sections, and plane projections, Mathematical Geology, Vol.13 (2), 135-152.

E. Giampiccolo, G. Tusa, H. Langer, and S. Gresta (2002), Attenuation in Southeastern Sicily (Italy) by applying different coda methods, J. Seism., Vol.6, 487-501.

E. Giampiccolo, S. Gresta, and F. Rascon\`{a} (2004), Intrinsic and scattering attenuation from observed seismic codas in Southeastern Sicily (Italy), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.145, 55-66.

R.L. Gibson, Jr. and A. Ben-Menahem (1991), Elastic Wave Scattering by Anisotropic Obstacles: Application to Fractured Volumes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B12), 19,905-19,924.

A.C. Gilbert (1998), A comparison of multiresolution and classical one-dimensional homogenization schemes, Applied and Computatinoal Harmonic Analysis, Vol.5, 1-35.

H.J. Gilbert and A.F. Sheehan (2004), Images of crustal variations in the intermountain west, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B03306, doi:10.1029/2003JB002730.

A.S. Ginzbarg and E. Strick (1958), Stoneley-Wave Velocities for a Solid-Solid Interface, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.48, 51-68.

H.K. Given, N.T. Tarasov, V. Zhuravlev, F.L. Vernon, J. Berger, and I.L. Nersesov (1990), High-frequency seismic observations in Eastern Kazakhstan, USSR, with emphasis and chemical explosion experiments, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.95 (B1), 295-307.

D. Givoli (1991), Non-Reflecting Boundary Conditions, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.94, 1-29.

J. Gomberg, N.M. Beeler, M.L. Blanpied, and P. Bodin (1998), Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103, 24,411-24,426.

L. Godinho, A. Tadeu, and F.J. Branco (2003), Wave scattering by infinite cylindrical shell structures submerged in a fluid medium, Wave Motion, Vol.38, 131-149.

J.A. Goff and T.H. Jordan (1988), Stochastic modeling of seafloor morphology: inversion of sea beam data for second-order statistics, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.93 (B11), 13,589-13,608.

P. Goldstein and R.J. Archuleta (1991), Deterministic frequency-wavenumber methods and direct measurements of rupture propagation during earthquakes using a dense array: theoy and methods, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B4), 6173-6185.

P. Goldstein and R.J. Archuleta (1991), Deterministic frequency-wavenumber methods and direct measurements of rupture propagation during earthquakes using a dense array: data analysis, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B4), 6187-6198.

P. Goldstein and B. Chouet (1994), Array measurements and modeling of sources of shallow volcanic tremor at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B2), 2637.2652.

V. Gonzalez and L. Persson (1997), Regional coda Q in Costa Rica, Central America, J. Seism., Vol.1, 269-287.

J.-L. Got and O. Coutant (1997), Anisotropic Scattering and Travel Time Delay Analysis in Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii, Earthquake Coda Waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B4), 8397-8410.

D. Gottlieb, M. Gunzburger, and E. Turkel (1982), On Numerical Boundary Treatment of Hyperbolic Systems for Finite Difference and Finite Element Methods, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., Vol.19 (4), 671-682.

S.P. Grand and D.V. Helmberger (1985), Uppermantle shear structure beneath Asia from multi-bounce S waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.41, 154-169.

L.B. Grant and P.M. Shearer (2004), Activity of the offshore Newport-Inglewood Rose Canyon Fault Zone, coastal southern California, from relocated microseismicity, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (2), 747-752.

R.W. Graves (1996), Simulating Seismc Wave Propagation in 3D Elastic Media Using Staggered-Grid Finite Differences, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.86 (4), 1091-1106.

R.W. Graves (1998), Three-Dimensional Finite-Difference Modeling of the San Andreas Fault: Source Parameterization and Ground-Motion Levels, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.88 (4), 881-897.

R.W. Graves and S.M. Day (2003), Stability and accuracy analysis of coarse-grain viscoelastic simulations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (1), 283-300.

R.J. Greaves and R.A. Stephen (1997), Seafloor acoustic backscattering from different geological providences in the Altantic Natural Laboratory, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.101 (1), 193-208.

R.J. Greaves and R.A. Stephen (2000), Low-grazing-angle monostatic acoustic reverberation from rough and heterogeneous seafloors, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.108 (3), 1013-1025.

R.J. Greaves and R.A. Stephen (2003), The influence of large-scale seafloor slope and average bottom sound speed on low-grazing-angle monostatic acoustic scattering, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.113 (5), 2548-2561.

M. Feng, M. Assump\,{c}\~{a}o, and S. Van der Lee (2004), Group-velocity tomography and lithospheric S-velocity structure of the South American continent, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.147 (4), (in press).

Y.J. Gu and A.M. Dziewonski (2002), Global Variability of Transition Zone Thickness, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B7), 10.1029/2001JB000489.

Y. Gu, A.M. Dziewonski, and C.B. Agee (1998), Global de-correlation of the topography of transition zone discontinuities, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.157, 57-67.

Y.J. Gu, A.L. Lerner-Lam, A.M. Dziewonski, and G. Ekstr\"{o}m (2005), Deep structural and seismic anisotropy beneath the East Pacific Rise, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.232, 259-272.

M. Guatteri, P.M. Mai, G.C. Beroza, and J. Boatwright (2003), Strong ground-motion prediction from stochastic-dynamic source models, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.93 (1), 301-313.

T.V. Gudkova and V.N. Zharkov (2004), Mars: interior structure and excitation of free oscillation, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.142, 1-22.

O. Gudmundsson and M. Sambridge (1998), A regionalized upper mantle (RUM) seismic model, J. Geophys. Res., vol.103 (B4), 7121-7136.

Y. Gung, M. Panning, and B. Romanowicz (2003), Global anisotropy and the thickness of continents, Nature, Vol.422, 707-711.

Y. Gung and B. Romanowicz (2004), Q tomography of the upper mantle using three-component long-period waveforms, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 813-830.

I.N. Gupta, C.S. Lynnes, T.W. McElfresh, and R.A. Wagner (1990), F-K analysis of Noress array and single station data to indentify sources of near-receiver and near-source scattering, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (6), 2227-2241.

I.N. Gupta, W.W. Chan, and R.A. Wagner (1992), A comparison of regional phases from underground nuclear explosions at east kazakh and Nevada test sites, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.82 (1), 352-382.

I.N. Gupta, C.S. Lynnes, and R.A. Wagner (1993), An array study of the effects of a known local scatterer on regional phases, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (1), 53-63.

I.N. Gupta, C.S. Lynnes, T.W. McElfresh, and R.A. Wagner (1990), F-K analysis of NORESS array and single station data to identify sources of near-receiver and near-source scattering, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (6), 2227-2241.

I.N. Gupta, T.R. Zhang, and R.A. Wagner (1997), Low-frequency Lg from NTS and Kazakh nuclear explosions- observations and interpretation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (5), 1115-1125.

H. Gurrola and J.B. Minster (1998), Thickness estimates of the upper-mantle transition zone from bootstrapped veolocity spectrum stacks of receiver functions, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.133, 31-43.

H. Gurrola, J.B. Minster, and T. Owens (1994), The use of velocity spectrum for stacking receiver functions and imaging upper mantle discontinuities, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.117, 427-440.

P.R. Gutowski, F. Hron, D.E. Wagner, and S. Treitel (1984), S*, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (1), 61-78.

R.A.W. Haddon and J.R. Cleary (1974), Evidence for scattering of seismic PKP waves near the mantle-core boundary, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.8, 211-234.

M.A. Haider, K.J. Mehta, and J.-P. Fouque (2004), Time-reversal simulations for detection in randomly layered media, Waves Random Media., Vol.14, 185-198.

A.J. Haines (1988), Multi-source, multi-receiver synthetic seismograms for laterally heterogeneous media using F-K domain propagators, Geophys. J., Vol.95, 237-260.

A.J. Haines, T. Hulmem, and J. Yu (2004), General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach - I. Mathematical development, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 643-657.

S. Hainzl, G. Z\"{o}ller, and F. Scherbaum (2003), Earthquake clusters resulting from delayed rupture propagation in finite fault segments, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B1), 2013, doi:10.1029/2001JB000610.

L. Halpern (1982), Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Discretization Schemes of the One-Dimensional Wave Equation, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.38 (158), 415-429.

M. Haney and R. Snieder (2003), Breakdown of wave diffusion in 2D due to loops, Phys. Rev. Lett., Vol.91 (9), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett91.093902.

T.M. Hansen and N. Balling (2004), Upper-mantle reflectors: modellings of seismic wavefield characteristics and tectonic implications, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 664-682.

A. Hanyga and M. Seredy\'{n}ska (2003), Power-law attenuation in acoustic and isotropic anelastic media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.155, 830-838.

J.L. Hardebeck, J.J. Nazareth, and E. Hauksson (1998), The static stress change triggering model: Constraints from two southern California aftershock sequences, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103, 24,427-24,437.

R.A. Harris and S.M. Day (1997), Effects of a low-velocity zone on a dynamic rupture, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (5), 1267-1280.

R.A. Harris and R.W. Simpson (1998), Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103, 24,439-24,451.

C. Hashimoto and M. Matsu'ura (2002), 3-D Simulation of Earthquake Generation Cycles and Evolution of Fault Constitutive Properties, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 2175-2199.

P.M. Hatzidimitriou (1994), Scattering and anelastic attenuation of seismic energy in northern Greece, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.143 (4), 587-601.

P.M. Hatzidimitriou (1995), S-wave attenuation in the crust in northern Greece, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (5), 1381-1387.

E. Hauksson (2000), Crustal structure and seismicity distribution adjacent to the Pacific and North America plate boundary in southern California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B6), 13,875-13,903.

T. Hayakawa, J. Kasahara, R. Hino, T. Sato, M. Shinohara, A. Kamimura, M. Nishino, T. Sato, and T. Kanazawa (2002), Heterogeneous structure across the source regions of the 1968 Tokachi-Oki and the 1994 Sanriku-Haruka-Oki earthquake at the Japan Trench revealed by an ocean bottom seismic survey, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 89-104.

T.M. Hearn and J.F. Ni (1994), Pn velocities beneath continental collision zones: the Turkish-Iranian Plateau, Geophys. J. Int., vol.117, 273-283.

M.A.H. Hedlin, P.M. Shearer, and P.S. Earle (1997), Seismic evidence for small-scale heterogeneity throughout the Earth's mantle, Nature, vol.387, 145-150.

M.A.H. Hedlin and P.M. Shearer (2000), An analysis of large-scale variations in small-scale mantle heterogeneity using Global Seismographic Network recordings of precursors to PKP, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B6), 13,655-13,673.

M.A.H. Hedlin and P.M. Shearer (2002), Probing mid-mantle heterogeneity using PKP coda waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.130, 195-208.

K. Helbig (1984), Anisotropy and Dispersion in Periodically Layered Media, Geophysics, Vol.49 (4), 364-373.

G. Helffrich (2000), Topography of the transition zone seismic discontinuities, Rev. Geophys., Vol.38, 141-158.

F.J. Herrmann and Y. Bernab\'{e} (2004), Seismic singularities at upper-mantle phase transitions: a site percolation model, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 949-960.

M. Herraiz and A.F. Espinosa (1987), Coda waves: A review, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.125 (4), 499-577.

S. Hestholm and B. Ruud (2002), 3D free-boundary conditions for coordinate-transfrom finite-difference seismic modelling, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.50, 463-474.

E.C. Hicks, H. Bungum, and F. Ringdal (2001), Earthquake location accuracies in Norway based on a comparison between local and regional networks, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 129-141.

E.C. Hicks, T. Kv{\ae}rna, S. Mykkeltveit, J. Schweitzer, and F. Ringdal (2004), Travel-times and attenuation relations for regional phases in the Barents Sea region, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.161, 1-19.

R.L. Higdon (1986), Absorbing Boundary Conditions for Difference Approximations to the Multi-Dimensional Wave Equation, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.47 (176), 437-459.

R.L. Higdon (1987), Numerical Absorbing Boundary Conditions for the Wave Equation, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.49 (179), 65-90.

N.R. Hill and A.R. Levander (1984), Resonances of Low-Velocity Layers With Lateral Variations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (2), 521-537.

Y. Hiramatsu, M. Furumoto. K. Nishigami, and S. Ohmi (2002), Initial rupture process of microearthquakes recorded by high sampling borehole seismographs at the Nojima fault, central Japan, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 269-279.

K. Hokstad (2004), Nonlinear and dispersive acoustic wave propagation, Geophysics, Vol.69 (3), 840-848. 269-279.

B.K. Holtzman, D.L. Kohlstedt, M.E. Zimmerman, F. Heidelbach, T. Hiraga, and J. Hustoft (2003), Melt Segregation and strain partitioning: Implications for seismic anisotropy and mantle flow, Science, vol.301, 1227-1230.

R. Honda and K. Yomogida (2003), Static and dynamic displacement near a fault with the discrete wavenumber method, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.137, 107-127.

H. Hooper, H.J. Patton, J.L. Bonner, and M. Leidig (2004), Using short-period surface waves to model source phenomena, 26th Seismic Research Review, 417-426.

G. Horasan and A. Boztepe-G\"{u}ney (2004), S-wave attenuation in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.142, 215-224.

S. Hori, H. Inoue, Y. Fukao, and M. Ukawa (1985), Seismic Detection of the Untransformed 'basaltic' Oceanic Crust Subducting into the Mantle, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.83, 169-197.

M. Hoshiba (1995), Estimation of Nonisotropic Scattering in Western Japan Using Coda Wave Envelopes: Application of a Multiple Nonisotropic Scattering Model, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.100 (B1), 645-657.

M. Hoshiba (1997), Seismic coda wave envelope in depth-dependent S wave velocity structure, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 15-22.

M. Hoshiba (2000), Large Fluctuation of Wave Amplitude Produced by Small Fluctuation of Velocity Structure, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.120, 201-217.

M. Hoshiba (2003), Fluctuation of wave amplitude even when assuming convolution of source, path and site factors - effect of rupture directivity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.137, 45-65.

M. Hoshiba, A. Rietbrock, F. Scherbaum, H. Nakahara, and C. Haberland (2001), Scattering Attenuation and Intrinsic Absorption using Uniform and Depth Dependent Model- Application to Full Seismogram Envelope Recorded in Northern Chile, J. Seismlogy, Vol.5, 157-179.

S.E. Hough, Y. Ben-Zion, and P. Leary (1994), Fault-Zone Waves Observed at the Southern Joshua Tree Earthquake Rupture Zone, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (3), 761-767.

J.M. Hovem (1995), Acoustic Waves in Finely Layered Media, Geophysics, Vol.60 (4), 1217-1221.

B.-S. Huang, T.-L. Teng, and Y.T. Yeh (1995), Numerical Modeling of Fault-Zone Trapped Waves: Acoustic Case, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (6), 1711-1717.

Z. Huang, Y. Peng, Y. Luo, Y. Zheng, and W. Su (2004), Azimuthal anisotropy of Rayleigh waves in East Asia, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L15617, doi:10.1029/2004GL020399.

J.A. Hudson (1980), Overall Properties of a Cracked Solid, Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.), Vol.88, 371-384.

J.A. Hudson (1981), Wave Speeds and Attenuation of Elastic Waves in Material Containing Cracks, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.64, 133-150.

J.A. Hudson (1982), Use of stochastic models in seismology, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.69, 649-657.

J.A. Hudson (1991), Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Material, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.107, 505-511.

J.A. Hudson and J.R. Heritage (1981), The Use of the Born Approximation in Seismic Scattering Problems, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.66, 221-240.

J.A. Hudson, R.G. Pearce, and R.M. Rogers (1989), Source type plot for inversion of the moment tensor, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B1), 765-774.

J.A. Hudson, T. Pointer, and E. Liu (2001), Effective-Medium Theories for Fluid-Saturated Materials with Aligned Cracks, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.49, 509-522.

T. Hulme, A.J. Haines, and J. Yu (2004), General elastic wave scattering problems using an impedance operator approach - II. Two-dimensional isotropic validation and examples, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 658-666.

S. Husen and E. Kissling (2001), Local earthquake tomography between rays and ways: fat ray tomography, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.123, 129-149.

B. Hustedt, S. Operto, and J. Virieux (2004), Mixed-grid and staggered-grid finite-difference methods for frequency-domain acoustic wave modelling, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 1269-1296.

S. Ide (2002), Estimation of radiated energy of finite-source earthquake models, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (8), 2994-3005.

S. Ide and M. Takeo (1997), Determination of constitutive relations of fault slip based on seismic wave analysis, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B12), 27379-27391.

H. Igel (1999), Wave Propagation in Three-Dimensional Spherical Sections by the Chebychev Spectral Method, Gophys. J. Int., Vol.136, 559-566.

H. Igel, Y. Ben-Zion, and P.C. Leary (1997), Simulation of SH- and P-SV-Wave Propagation in Fault Zones, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.128, 533-546.

H. Igel and O. Gudmundsson (1997), Frequency-dependent effects on travel times and waveforms of long-period S and SS waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 229-246.

H. Igel, G. Jahnke, and Y. Ben-Zion (2002), Numerical Simulation of Fault Zone Guided Waves: Accuracy and 3-D Effects, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 2067-2083.

H. Igel and M. Weber (1995), SH Wave Propagation in the Whole Mantle using High-Order Finite Differences, Gophys. Res. Lett., Vol.22 (6), 731-734.

H. Igel and M. Weber (1996), P-SV Wave Propagation in the Earth's Mantle using Finite-Differences: Application to Heterogeneous Lowermost Mantle Structure, Gophys. Res. Lett., Vol.23 (5), 415-418.

H. Igel, P. Mora, and B. Riollet (1995), Anisotropic Wave Propagation through Finite-Difference Grids, Gophysics, Vol.60 (4), 1203-1216.

H. Igel, T. Nissen-Meyer, and G. Jahnke (2002), Wave propagation in 3D spherical sections: effects of subduction zones, Gophysics, Vol.132, 219-234.

I.R. Ionescu and M. Campillo (1999), Influence of the shape of the friction law and fault finiteness on the duration of initiation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B2), 3013-3024.

H. Igel, T. Nissen-Meyer, and G. Jahnke (2002), Wave propagation in 3D spherical sections: effects of subduction zones, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 219-234.

L.T. Ikelle, A. Osen, L. Amundsen, and Y. Shen (2004), Non-iterative multiple-attenuation methods: linear inverse solutions to non-linear inverse problems - II. BMG approximation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 923-930.

B. Iooss (1998), Seismic reflection traveltimes in two-dimensional statistically anisotropic random media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 999-1010.

B. Iooss, P. Blanc-Benon, and C. Lhuillier (2000), Statistical moments of travel times at second order in isotropic and anisotropic random media, Waves in Random Media, Vol.10, 381-394.

M. Ishii and J. Tromp (1999), Normal-mode and free-air gravity constraints on lateral variations in velocity and density of Earth's mantle, Science, Vol.285, 1231-1236.

M. Ishii, J. Tromp, A.M. Dziwo\'{n}ski, and G. Ekstr\"{o}m (2002), Joint inversion of normal mode and body wave data for inner core anisotropy. 1. Laterally homogeneous anisotropy, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2379, doi:10.1029/2001JB000712.

M. Ishii, A.M. Dziwo\'{n}ski, J. Tromp, and G. Ekstr\"{o}m (2002), Joint inversion of normal mode and body wave data for inner core anisotropy. 2. Possible complexities, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2380, doi:10.1029/2001JB000713.

M. Ishii and J. Tromp (2004), Constraining large-scale mantle heterogeneity using mantle and inner-core sensitive normal modes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.146, 113-124.

J. Ita and S.D. King (1998), The influence of thermodynamic formulation on simulations of subduction zone geometry and history, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.25 (9), 1463-1466.

I. Jackson (2002), Laboratory measurement of seismic wave dispersion and attenuation: Recent progress, in \textit{Earth's Deep Interior: Mineral Physics and Tomography from the Atomic to the Global Scale}, AGU Geophysical Monograph Service, vol.117, S. Karato et al (eds), pp.265-289, AGU, Washington, D.C.

G. Jahnke, H. Igel, and Y. Ben-Zion (2002), Three-dimsional calculations of fault-zone-guided waves in various irregular structures, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.151, 416-426.

D.E. James, F. Niu, and J. Rokosky (2003), Crustal structure of the Kaapvaal craton and its significance for early crustal evolution, Lithos, Vol.71, 413-429.

L.R. Jannaud, P.M. Adler, and C.G. Jacquin (1991), Spectral Analysis and Inversion of Codas, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B11), 18,215-18,231.

L.R. Jannaud, P.M. Adler, and C.G. Jacquin (1991), Frequency Dependence of the Q Factor in Random Media, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B11), 18,233-18,243.

A.L. Jemberie and B.J. Mitchell (2004), Shear wave Q structure and its lateral variation in the crust of China and surrounding regions, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 363-380.

Y.-S. Jeon and R.B. Herrmann (2004), High-frequency earthquake ground-motion scaling in Utah and Yellowstone, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (5), 1644-1657.

Z. Jiangfeng and L. Tielin (2002), Elastic Wave Modelling in 3D Heterogeneous Media: 3D Grid Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 780-799.

R.-S. Jih, K.L. McLaughlin, and Z.A. Der (1988), Free-Boundary Conditions of Arbitrary Polygonal Topography in a Two-Dimensional Explicit Elastic Finite-Difference Scheme, Geophysics, Vol.53 (8), 1045-1055.

A. Jin and K. Aki (1988), Spatial and temporal correlation between coda Q and seismicity in China, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.78 (2), 741-769.

A. Jin and K. Aki (1989), Spatial and temporal correlation between coda Q^{-1} and seismicity and its physical mechanism, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B10), 14,041-14,059.

A. Jin and K. Aki (1993), Temporal correlation between coda Q^{-1} and seismicity- evidence for a structural unit in the brittle-ductile transition zone, J. Geodynamics, Vol.17 (3), 95-119.

L.R. Johnson (1974), Green's Function for Lamb's Problem, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.37, 99-131.

A.G. Jones and K. Holliger (1997), Spectral Analyses of the KTB Sonic and Density Logs Using Robust Nonparametric Methods, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B8), 18,391-18,403.

J.P. Jones, C.H. Thurber, and W.J. Lutter (2001), High-precision location of pre-eruption seismicity at Mount Pinatubo, Philippines, 30 May - 3 June, 1991, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.123, 221-232.

B.R. Julian, A.D. Miller, and G.R. Foulger (1998), Non-double-couple earthquakes, 1. Theory, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.36 (4), 525-549.

B. Kaelin and L.R. Johnson (1998), Dynamic composite elastic medium theory. Part I. One-dimensional media, J. Appl. Phys., Vol.84 (10), 5451-5457.

B. Kaelin and L.R. Johnson (1998), Dynamic composite elastic medium theory. Part II. Three-dimensional media, J. Appl. Phys., Vol.84 (10), 5458-5468.

Y. Kaiho and B.L.N. Kennett (2000), Three-Dimensional Seismic Structure Beneath the Australian Region from Refracted Wave Observations, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.142, 651-668.

E.R. Kanasewich, C.D. Hemmings, and T. Alpaslan (1973), Nth-root stack nonlinear multichannel filter, Geophysics, Vol.38 (2), 327-338.

S. Kaneshima (2003), Small-scale heterogeneity at the top of the lower mantle around the Mariana slab, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.209, 85-101.

S. Kaneshima and G. Helffrich (1998), Detection of lower mantle scatterers northeast of the Mariana subduction zone using short-period array data, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B3), 4825-4838.

I.B. Kang and G.A. McMechan (1993), Viscoelastic Seismic Responses of 2D Reservoir Models, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.41, 149-163.

I.B. Kang and G.A. MeMechan (1993), Effects of Viscoelasticity on Seismic Wave Propagation in Fault Zones, Near-Surface Sediments, and Inclusions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (3), 890-906.

E.E. Karagianni, C.B. Papazachos, D.G. Panagiotopoulos, P. Suhadolc, and A. Vuan (2005), Shear velocity structure in the Aegean area obtained by inversion of Rayleigh waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.160, 127-143.

S.-I. Karato (1993), Importance of anelasticity in the interpretation of seismic tomography, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.20 (15), 1623-1626.

S.-I. Karato (1998), A dislocation model of seismic wave attenuation and micro-creep in the Earth: Harold Jeffreys and the rheology of the solid Earth, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 239-256.

S. Karato and H.A. Spetzler (1990), Deffect microdynamics in minerals and solid-state mechanisms of seismic wave attenuation and velocity dispersion in the mantle, Rev. Geophys., Vol.28 (4), 399-421.

S. Karato and P. Wu (1993), Rheology of the upper mantle: A synthesis, Science, Vol.260, 771-778.

M. K\"aser and H. Igel (2001), Numerical Simulation of 2D Wave Propagation on Unsaturated Grids Using Explicit Differential Operators, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.49, 607-619.

M. K\"aser, H. Igel, M. Sambridge, and J. Braun (2001), A Comparative Study of Explicit Differential Operators on Arbitrary Grids, Journal of Computational Acoustics, Vol.9 (3), 1111-1125.

I. Katayama, H. Jung, and S.-I. Karato (2004), New type of olivine fabric from deformation experiments at modest water content and low stress, Geology, Vol.32 (12), 1045-1048.

N. Kato and T.E. Tullis (2003), Numerical simulation of seismic cycles with a composite rate- and state-dependent friction law, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 841-853.

J. Kawahara (2002), Cutoff Scattering Angles for Random Acoustic Media, J. Geophys. Res., Vo.107 (B1).

J. Kawahara and T. Yamashita (1992), Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Fracture Zone Containing Randomly Distributed Cracks, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.139 (1), 121-144.

H. Kawakatsu and F. Niu (1994), Seismic evidence for a 920-km discontinuity in the mantle, Nature, Vol.371, 301-305.

L.H. Kellogg, B.H. Hager, R.D. van der Hilst (1999), Compositional stratification in the deep mantle, Science, Vol.283, 1881-1884.

K.R. Kelly, R.W. Ward, S. Treitel and R.M. Alford (1976), Synthetic Seismograms: a Finite-Difference Approach, Geophysics, Vol.41 (1), 2-27.

S. Kelner, M. Bouchon, and O. Coutant (1999), Numerical simulation of the propagation of P waves in fractured media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.137, 197-206.

J.-M. Kendall and P.M. Shearer (1994), Lateral variations in D" thickness from long-period shear wave data, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B6), 11,575-11,590.

B.L.N. Kennett (1984), Guided wave propagation in laterally varying media -I. Theoretical development, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.79, 235-255.

B.L.N. Kennett (1985), On regional S, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (4), 1077-1086.

B.L.N. Kennett (1986), Lg waves and structural boundaries, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.76 (4), 1133-1141.

B.L.N. Kennett (1987), Observational and theoretical constraints on crustal and upper mantle heterogeneity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.47, 319-332.

B.L.N. Kennett (1989), Lg-wave propagation in heterogeneous media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.79 (3), 860-872.

B.L.N. Kennett (1990), Guidied wave attenuation in laterally varying media, Geophys. J. Int., vol.100, 415-422.

B.L.N. Kennett (1991), The removal of free surface interactions from three-component seismograms, Geophys. J. Int., vol.104, 153-163.

B.L.N. Kennett (1998), On the density distribution within the earth, Geophys. J. Int., vol.132, 374-382.

B.L.N. Kennett (2000), Stacking three-component seismograms, Geophys. J. Int., vol.141, 263-269.

B.L.N. Kennett, D.J. Brown, M. Sambridge, and C. Tarlowski (2003), Signal parameter estimation for sparse arrays, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93, 1765-1772.

B.L.N. Kennett and J.R. Bowman (1990), The velocity structure and heterogeneity of the upper mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.59, 134-144.

B.L.N. Kennett, O. Gudmundsson, and C. Tong (1994), The upper-mantle S and P velocity structure beneath northern Australia from broad-band observations, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.86, 85-98.

B.L.N. Kennett, E.R. Engdahl, and R. Buland (1995), Constraints on seismic velocities in the Earth from travel times, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.122, 108-124.

B.L.N. Kennett and T. Furumura (2001), Regional phases in continental and oceanic environments, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.146, 562-568.

B.L.N. Kennett and T. Furumura (2002), The Influence of 3-D Structure on the Propagation of Seismic Wave Away from Earthquakes, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 2113-2131.

B.L.N. Kennett and A. Gorbatov (2004), Seismic heterogeneity in the mantle - strong shear wave signature of slabs from joint tomography, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.146, 87-100.

B.L.N. Kennett, S. Gregersen, S. Mykkeltveit, and R. Newmark (1985), Mapping of crustal heterogeneity in the North Sea basin via the propagation of Lg-waves, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.83, 299-306.

B.L.N. Kennett, O. Gudmundsson, and C. Tong (1994), Seismic Constraints, The upper-mantle S and P velocity structure beneath northern Australia from broad-band observations, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.86, 85-98.

B.L.N. Kennett and S. Mykkeltveit (1984), Guided wave propagation in laterally varying media -II. Lg-waves in north-western Europe, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.79, 257-267.

B.L.N. Kennett and F. Ringdal (2001), Locating Seismic Events in the CTBT Context, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 7-18.

B.L.N. Kennett, S. Widiyantoro, and R.D. van der Hilst (1998), Joint seismic tomography for bulk sound and shear wave speed in the Earth's mantle, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B6), 12,469-12,493.

V.I. Khalturin, T.G. Rautian, and P.G. Richards (2001), A study of small magnitude seismic events during 1961-1989 on and near the Semipalatinsk Test Site Kazakhstan, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 143-171.

J. Khazanehdari, E.H. Rutter, and K.H. Brodie (2000), High-pressure-high temperature seismic velocity structure of the midcrustal and lower crustal rocks of the Ivrea-Berbano zone and Serie dei Laghi, NW, Italy, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B6), 13,843-13,858.

D. Kilb, J. Gomberg, and P. Bodin (2000), Triggering of earthquake aftershocks by dynamic stresses, Nature, Vol.408, 570-574.

K.-H. Kim, J.-M. Chiu, H. Kao, Q. Liu, and Y.-H. Yeh (2004), A preliminary study of crustal structure in Taiwan region using receiver fucntion analysis, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 146-164.

K.D. Kim, T.W. Chung, and J.B. Kyung (2004), Attenuation of high-frequency P and S waves in the crust of Choongchung provinces, central South Korea, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (3), 1070-1078.

T.S. Kim, C. Hayward, and B. Stump (2004), Local infrasound signals from the Tokachi-Oki earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L20605, doi:10.1029/2004GL021178.

W. Kim and C.-E. Baag (2002), Rapid and accurate two-point ray tracing based on a Quadratic equaton of takeoff angle in layered media with constant or linearly varying velocity functions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (6), 2251-2263.

W.-Y. Kim (2003), The 18 June 2002 Caborn, Indiana, earthquake: reactivation of ancient rift in the Webash Valley seismic zone?, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (5), 2201-2211.

W.-Y. Kim and G. Ekstr\"{o}m (1996), Instrument responses of digital seismographs at Borovoye, Kazakhstan, by inversion of transient calibration pulses, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.86 (1A), 191-203.

F. Kind, D. F\"{a}h, and D. Giardini (2005), Array measurements of S-wave velocities from ambient vibrations, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.160, 114-126.

G.C.P. King and M. Cocco (2000), Fault interaction by elastic stress changes: New clues from earthquake sequences, Advances in Geophysics , Vol.44, 1-38.

S.D. King and J. Ita (1995), Effect of slab rheology on mass transport across a phase transition boundary, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.100 (B10), 20,211-20,222.

T. Kito and F. Kr\"{u}ger (2004), Seismic heterogeneous structure in the lowermost mantle beneath the southwestern Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B09304), doi:10.1029/2003JB002677.

L. Klime\v{s} (2002), Correlation Functions of Random Media, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 1811-1831.

L. Klime\v{s} (2002), Estimating the Correlation Function of a Self-Affine Random Medium, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 1833-1853.

L. Klime\v{s} (2002), Application of the medium covariance functions to travel-time tomography, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 1791-1810.

M. Knapmeyer and H.-P. Harjes (2000), Imaging crustal discontinuities and the downgoing slab beneath western Crete, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.143, 1-21.

G. Kneib and S.A. Shapiro (1995), Viscoacoustic Wave Propagation in 2-D Random Media and Separation of Absorption and Scattering Attenuation, Geophysics, Vol.60 (2), 459-467.

L. Knopoff and M.J. Randall (1970), The compensated linear-vector dipole: A possible mechanism for deep earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.75 (26), 4957-4963.

S.N. Kolesnik, M.V. Tinin, and N.T. Afanasiev (2002), Statistical characteristics of a wave propagating through a layer with random irregularities, Waves Random Media, Vol.12, 417-431.

D. Komatitsch, F. Coutel and P. Mora (1996), Tensorial Formulation of the Wave Equation for Modelling Curved Interfaces, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.127, 156-168.

D. Komatitsch, J.-P. Vilotte (1998), The Spectral Element Method: An Efficient Tool to Simulate the Seismic Response of 2D and 3D Geological Structures, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.88 (2), 368-392.

D. Komatitsch, J. Tromp (1999), Introduction to the Spectral Element Method for Three-Dimensional Seismic Wave Propagation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.139, 806-822.

D. Komatitsch, J. Tromp (2002), Spectral-Element Simulations of Global Seismic Wave Propagation -I. Validation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.149, 390-412.

D. Komatitsch, J. Tromp (2002), Spectral-Element Simulations of Global Seismic Wave Propagation -II. Three-Dimensional Models, Oceans, Rotation and Self-Gravitation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 303-318.

D. Komatitsch, J. Tromp (2003), A perfectly matched layer absorbing boundary condition for the second-order seismic wave equation, Geophys. J. Int., vol.154, 146-153.

D. Komatitsch, C. Barnes and J. Tromp (2000), Wave Propagation near a Fluid-Solid Interface: A Spectral-Element Approach, Geophysics, Vol.65 (2), 623-631.

D. Komatitsch, C. Barnes and J. Tromp (2000), Simulation of Anisotropic Wave Propagation Based upon a Spectral Element Method, Geophysics, Vol.65 (4), 1251-1260.

D. Komatitsch, Q. Liu, J. Tromp, P. S\"{u}ss, C. Stidham, and J.H. Shaw (2004), Simulations of ground motion in the Los Angeles Basin based upon the spectral element method, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (1), 187-206.

K.D. Koper and M.L. Pyle (2004), Observations of PKiKP/PcP amplitude ratios and implications for Earth structure at the boundaries of the liquid core, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B03301), doi:10.1029/2003JB002750.

K.D. Koper, M.L. Pyle, and J.M. Franks (2003), Constraints on aspherical core structure from PKiKP-PcP differential travel times, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B3), 2168, doi:10.1029/2002JB001995.

M. Korn (1988), P-wave coda analysis of short-period array data and the scattering and absorptive properties of the lithosphere, Geophys. J., Vol.93, 437-449.

M. Korn (1990), A modified energy flux model for lithospheric scattering of teleseismic body waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.102, 165-175.

M. Korn (1993), Determination of site-dependent scattering Q from P-wave coda analysis with an energy-flux model, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.113, 54-72.

M. Korn (1997), Modelling the teleseismic P coda envelope: depth dependent scattering and deterministic structure, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 23-36.

V.A. Korneev and L.R. Johnson (1993), Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Spherical Inclusion -I. Theory and Numerical Results, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 230-250.

V.A. Korneev and L.R. Johnson (1993), Scattering of Elastic Waves by a Spherical Inclusion -II. Limitations of Asymptotic Solutions, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 251-263.

V.A. Korneev and L.R. Johnson (1996), Scattering of P and S Waves by a Spherically Symmetric Inclusion, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.147 (4), 675-718.

D. Kosloff and E. Baysal (1982), Forward Modeling by a Fourier Method, Geophysics, Vol.47 (10), 1402-1412.

D. Kosloff and E. Baysal (1983), Migration with the full acoustic wave equation, Geophysics, Vol.48 (6), 677-687.

D. Kosloff, D. Kessler, A.Q. Filho, E. Tessmer, A. Behle and R. Strahilevitz (1990), Solution of the Equations of Dynamic Elasticity by a Chebychev Spectral Method, Geophysics, Vol.55 (6), 734-748.

R. Kosloff and D. Kosloff (1986), Absorbing Boundaries for Wave Propagation Problems, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.63, 363-376.

D. Kosloff, M. Reshef and D. Loewenthal (1984), Elastic Wave Calcuations by the Fourier Method, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (3), 875-891.

D. Kosloff and H. Tal-Ezer (1993), A Modified Chebychev Psedospectral Method wit an O(N^{-1}) Time STep Restriction, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.104, 457-469.

M. Kosuga (1997), Periodic ripple of coda envelope observed in northeastern Japan, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 91-108.

Y.A. Kravtsov, T.M. M\"{u}ller, S.A. Shapiro, and S. Buske (2003), Statistical properties of reflection traveltimes in 3-D randomly inhomogeneous and anisometric media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.154, 841-851.

M.J. Kuhn (1985), A Numerical Study of Lamb's Problem, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.33, 1103-1137.

N. Kumar, Parvez, I.A., and Virk, H.S. (2005), Estimation of coda wave attenuation for NW Himalayan region using local earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.151, 243-258.

P. Kumar, X. Yuan, R. Kind, and G. Kosarev (2005), The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in the Tien Shan-Karakoram region from S receiver functions: Evidence for continental subduction, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L07305, doi:10.1029/2004GL022291.

B. Kummer and A. Behle (1982), Second-Order Finite-Difference Modeling of SH-Wave Propagation in Lterally Inhomogeneous Media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.72 (3), 793-808.

B.-Y. Kuo and C.-W. Chen (2005), A seismological determination of the temperature gradient in D" beneath the western Pacific, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.110, B05304, doi:10.1029/2004JB003291.

Y. Kuwahara, H. Ito, H. Kawakatsu, T. Ohminato, and T. Kiguchi (1997), Crustal heterogeneity as inferred from seismic coda wave decomposition by small-aperture array observation, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 247-256.

C. Lacombe, M. Campillo, A. Paul, and L. Margerin (2003) Separation of intrinsic absorption and scattering attenuation from Lg coda decay in central France using acoustic radiative transfer theory, Geophys. J. Int., vol.154, 417-425.

C.A. Langston (1989) Scattering of teleseismic body waves under Pasadena, California, J. Geophys. Res., vol.94 (B2), 1935-1951.

C.A. Langston (2003) Local earthquake wave propagation through Mississippi embayment sediments, part I: Body-wave phases and local site responses, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.93 (6), 2664-2684.

C.A. Langston and C.J. Ammon (1991) Scattering of teleseismic body waves along the Hayward-Calaveras fault system, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.81 (2), 576-591.

N. Lapusta (2003), Nucleation and early seismic propagation of small and large events in a crustal earthquake model, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B4), 2205, doi:10.1029/2001JB000793.

M. La Rocca, E. Del Pezzo, M. Simini, R. Scarpa, and G. De Luca (2001), Array analysis of seismograms from explosive sources: Evidence for surface waves scattered at the main topographical features, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.91 (2), 219-231.

E. Larose, L. Margerin, B.A. van Tiggelen, and M. Campillo (2004), Weak localization of seismic waves, Physical Review Letters, vol.93 (4), 048501, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett93.048501.

C.C. Lash (1985), Shear waves produced by explosive sources, Geophysics, vol.50 (9), 1399-1409.

R.J. Last, A.A. Nyblade, C.A. Langston, and T.J. Owens (1997), Crustal structure of the East African Plateau from receiver functions and Rayleigh wave phase velocities, J. Geophys. Res., vol.102 (B11), 24,469-24,483.

T. Lay (1987), Analysis of near-source contributions to early P-wave coda for underground explosions. II. frequency dependence, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.77 (4), 1252-1273.

T. Lay, D.V. Helmberger, and D.G. Harkrider (1984), Source models and yield-scaling relations for underground nuclear explosions at Amchitka Island, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (3), 843-862.

T. Lay, Q Williams, and E.J. Garnero (1998), The core-mantle boundary layer and deep Earth dynamics, Nature, Vol.392, 461-468.

T. Lay and C.J. Young (1989), Waveform Complexity in Teleseismic Broadband SH Displacements: Slab Diffractions or Deep Mantle Reflections?, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.16 (7), 605-608.

P.C. Leary (2002), Numerical Simulation of First-Order Backscattered P and S waves for Time-Lapse Seismic Imaging in Heterogeneous Reserviors, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.148, 402-425.

S Lebedev, S. Chevrot, R.D. van der Hilst (2003), Correlation between the shear-speed structure and thickness of the mantle transition zone, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.136, 25-40.

K.H. Lee and H.J. Kim (2003), Source-independent full-waveform inversion of seismic data, Geophysics, Vol.68 (6), 2010-2015.

W.S. Lee, H. Sato, and K. Lee (2003), Estimation of S-wave scattering coefficient in the mantle from envelope characteristics before and after the ScS arrival, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.30 (24), 2248, doi:10.1029/2003GL018413.

L.V. Lefevre and D.V. Helmberger (1989), Upper mantle P velocity structure of the canadian shield, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B12), 17,749-17,765.

A. Lemoine, R. Madariaga, and J. Campos (2002), Slab-pull and slab-push earthquakes in the Mexican, Chilean and Peruvian subduction zones, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.132, 157-175.

M. Leonard and B.L.N. Kennett (1999), Multi-component autoregressive techniques for the analysis of seismograms, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.113, 247-263.

A. Leshem and M. Wax (2000), Array calibration in the presence of multipath, IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing., Vol.48 (1), 53-59.

A.R. Levander (1988), Fourth-Order Finite-Difference P-SV Seismograms, Geophysics, Vol.53 (11), 1425-1436.

A.R. Levander and N.R. Hill (1985), P-SV Resonances in Irregular Low-Velocity Surface Layers, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (3), 847-864.

N.M. Levashova, K.E. Degtyarev, M.L. Bazhenov, A.Q. Collins, and R. Van der Voo (2003), Permian palaeomagnetism of East Kazakhstan and the amalgamation of Eurasia, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.152, 677-687.

V. Levin, L. Margheriti, J. Park, and A. Amato (2002), Anisotropic seismic structure of the lithosphere beneath the Adriatic coast of Italy constrained with mode-converted body waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (22), 2058, doi:10.1029/2002GL015438.

A.L. Levshin, L. Ratnikova, and J. Berger (1992), Peculiarities of surface-wave propagation across central Eurasia, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.82 (6), 2464-2493.

A.L. Levshin and M.H. Ritzwoller (1995), Characteristics of surface waves generated by events on and near the Chinese nuclear test site, Geophys. J. Int., vol.123, 131-148.

A.L. Levshin, M.H. Ritzwoller, M.P. Barmin, A. Villase\~{n}or, and C.A. Padgett (2001), New constraints on the arctic crust and uppermost mantle: surface wave group velocities, Pn, and Sn, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.123, 185-204.

P. Lewicki, R. Burridge, and M.V. de Hoop (1996), Beyond Effective Medium Theory: Pulse Stabilization for Multimode Wave Propagation in High-Contrast Layered Media, SIAM J. Appl. Math., Vol.56 (1), 256-276.

M.A. Lewis, Z. Peng, Y. Ben-Zion, and F.L. Vernon (2005), Shallow seismic trapping structure in the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California, Geophys. J. Int., (in press).

A. Li and R.S. Detrick (2003), Azimuthal anisotropy and phase velocity beneath Iceland: implication for plume-ridge interaction, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.214, 153-165.

A. Li and P.G. Richards (2003), Using earthquake doublets to study inner core rotation and seismicity catalog precision, Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., Vol.4 (9), 1072, doi:10.1029/2002GC000379.

X. Li and V.F. Cormier (2002), Frequency-dependent seismic attenuation in the inner core 1, A viscoelastic interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), doi:10.1029/2002JB1795.

X. Li and J.A. Hudson (1996), Multiple Scattering of Elastic Waves from a Continuous and Heterogeneous Region, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.126, 845-862.

X. Li, R. Kind, K. Priestley, S.V. Sobolev, f. Tilmann,X. Yuan, and M. Weber (2000), Mapping the Hawaiian plume conduit with converted seismic waves, Nature, Vol.405, 938-940.

Y. Li, M.N. Toks\"{o}z, and W. Rodi (1995), Source time functions of nuclear explosions and earthquakes in centeral Asia determined using empirical Green's functions, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.100 (B1), 659-674.

Y.-G. Li (1988), Trapped Modes in a Transversely Isotropic Fault-zone, PhD thesis, University of Southern California.

Y.-G. Li, K. Aki and F.L. Vernon (1997), San Jacinto fault zone guided waves: A discrimination for recently active fault strands near Anza, California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B6), 11,689-11,701.

Y.-G. Li, K. Aki, J.E. Vidale, and F. Xu (1999), Shallow structure of the Landers fault zone from explosion-generated trapped waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B9), 20,257-20,275.

Y.-G. Li and P.C. Leary (1990), Fault zone trapped seismic waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (5), 1245-1271.

Y.-G. Li, P.C. Leary, K. Aki, and P.E. Malin (1990), Seismic trapped modes in the Oroville and San Andreas fault zones, Science, Vol.249, 763-766.

Y.-G. Li and F.L. Vernon (2001), Characterization of the San Jacinto fault zone near Anza, California, by fault zone trapped waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.106 (B12), 30,671-30,688.

Y.-G. Li and J.E. Vidale (1996), Low-Velocity Fault-Zone Guided Waves: Numerical Investigations of Trapping Efficiency, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.86 (2), 371-378.

Y.-G. Li, J.E. Vidale, K. Aki, F. Xu, and T. Burdette (1998), Evidence of shallow fault zone strengthening after the 1992 M7.5 Landers, California, earthquake, science, Vol.279, 217-219.

Y.-G. Li, J.E. Vidale, K. Aki, and F. Xu (2000), Depth-dependent structure of the Landers fault zone from trapped waves generated by aftershocks, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B3), 6237-6254.

Y.-G. Li, J.E. Vidale, and E.S. Cochran (2004), Low-velocity damaged structure of the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield from fault zone trapped waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L12S06, doi:10.1029/2003GL019044.

Y.-G. Li, J.E. Vidale, S.M. Day, D.D. Oglesby, and the SCEC Field Working Team (2002), Study of the 1999 M 7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake fualt plane by trapped waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (4), 1318-1332.

Y.-G. Li, J.E. Vidale, D.D. Oglesby, S.M. Day, and E. Cochran (2003), Multiple-fault rupture of the M7.1 Hector Mine, California, earthquake from fault zone trapped waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B3), 2165, doi:10.1029/2001JB001456.

C. Liang, X. Song, and J. Huang (2004), Tomographic inversion of Pn travel times in China, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B11304, doi:10.1029/2003JB002789.

J.M. Lilly and J. Park (2005), Multiwavelet spectral and polarization analyses of seismic records, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.122, 1001-1021.

J.-Y. Lin, S.-K. Hsu, and J.-C. Sibuet (2004), Melting features along the western Ryukyu slab edge (northeast Taiwan): Tomographic evidence, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B12402, doi:10.1029/2004JB003260.

C.E.R. Line, R.W. Hobbs, J.A. Hudson, and D.B. Snyder (1998), Statistical inversion of controlled-source seismic data using parabolic wave scattering theory, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.132, 61-78.

C.E.R. Line, R.W. Hobbs, and D.B. Snyder (1998), Estimates of upper-crustal heterogeneity in the Baltic Shield from seismic scattering and borehole logs, Tectonophysics., Vol.286, 171-183.

C. Liu, and T.J. Ahrens (2001), Wave generation from explosions in rock cavities, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 1909-1949.

E. Liu, S. Crampin, and J.A. Hudson (1997), Diffraction of Seismic Waves by Cracks with Application to Hydraulic Fracturing, Geophysics, Vol.62 (1), 253-265.

K.H. Liu, S.S. Gao, P.G. Silver, and Y. Zhang (2003), Mantle layering across central South America, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B11), 2510, doi:10.1029/2002JB002208.

Y. Liu, R.-S. Wu, and C.F. Ying (2000), Scattering of Elastic Waves by an Elastic or Viscoelastic Cylinder, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.142, 439-460.

O.I. Lobkisand R.L. Weaver (2001), On the emergence of the Green's function in the correlations of a diffuse field, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.110 (6), 3011-3017.

R.D. Lord (1954), The use of the Hankel transform in statistics, I, General theory and examples, Biometrika, Vol.41, 44-55.

F. Luz\'{o}n, L. Ram\'{i}rez, F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma, and A. Posadas (2003), Propagation of SH elastic waves in deep sedimentary basins with an oblique velocity gradient, Wave Motion, Vol.38, 11-23.

J. Lysmer and L. Kuhlemeyer (1969), Finite Difference Model for Infinite Media, The Journal of the Engineering Mechancis of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol.95, 857-877.

R. Madariaga (2003), Radiation from a finite reverse fault in a half space, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 555-577.

*R. Madariaga, K. Olsen, and R. Archuleta (1998), Modeling dynamic rupture in a 3D earthquake falut model, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.88 (5), 1182-1197. (*dynamic rupture modelling)

T. Maeda, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (2003), Synthesis of Rayleigh-wave envelope on hte spherical Earth: Analytic solution of the single isotropic-scattering model for a circular source radiation, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.30 (6), 1286, doi:10.1029/2002GL016629.

N. Maercklin, C. Haberland, T. Ryberg, M. Weber, Y. Bartov, and the DESERT Group (2004), Imaging the Dead Sea Transform with Scattered seismic waves, Geophys. J. Int., vol.158, 179-186.

H. Magistrale (2002), Relative contributions of crustal temperature and composition to controlling the depth of earthquakes in southern California, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (10), 1447, doi:10.1029/2001GL014375.

H. Magistrale, S. Day, R.W. Clayton, and R. Graves (2000), The SCEC southern California reference three-dimensional seismic velocity model version 2, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (6B), S65-S76.

H. Magistrale, K. McLaughlin and S. Day (1996), A Geology-Based 3D Velocity Model of the Los Angeles Basin Sediments, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.86 (4), 1161-1166.

K.D. Mahrer (1990), Numerical Time Step Instability and Stacey's and Clayton-Engquist's Absorbing Boundary Conditions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80 (1), 213-217.

P.M. Mai and G.C. Beroza (2002), A spatial random field model to characterize complexity in earthquake slip, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B11), 2308, doi:10.1029/2001JB000588.

P.M. Mai and G.C. Beroza (2003), A hybrid method for calculating near-source, broadband seismograms: application to strong motion prediction, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.137, 183-199.

A. Mal and Z. Chang (2000), A Semi-Numerical Method for Elastic Wave Scattering Calculations, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.143, 328-334.

A.E. Malcolm, J.A. Scales, and B.A. van Tiggelen (2004), Extracting the Green function from diffuse, equivalent waves, Physical Review E, Vol.70, 015601(R), doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.70.015601.

P.G. Malischewsky (2000), Comment to "A New Formula for the Velocity of Rayleigh Waves" by D. Nkemzi [Wave Motion 26 (1997) 199-205], Wave Motion, Vol.31, 93-96.

P.G. Malischewsky (2000), Some special solutions of Rayleigh's equation and the reflections of body waves at a free surface, geof\'{i}sica Internacional, Vol.39 (2), 155-160.

P.G. Malischewsky and F. Scherbaum (2003), Love's formula and H/V-ratio (ellipticity) of Rayleigh waves, Wave Motion, (submitted).

R. Malservisi and C. Gans, and K.P. Furlong (2003), Numerical modeling of strike-slip creeping faults and implications for the Hayward fault, California, Tectonophysics, Vol.361, 121-137.

L. Margerint (2004), Introduction to radiative transfer of seismic waves, in Seismic data analysis with global and local arrays, A. Levander and G Nolet ed., AGU Monograph Series, in press,

L. Margerin and G. Nolet (2003), Multiple scattering of high-frequency seismic waves in the deep Earth: modeling and numuerical examples, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B5), 2234, doi:10.1029/2002JB001974.

L. Margerin and G. Nolet (2003), Multiple scattering of high-frequency seismic waves in the deep Earth: PKP precursor analysis and inversion for mantle granularity, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B11), 2514, doi:10.1029/2003JB002455.

R.P. Mass\'{e} (1981), Review of seismic source models for underground nuclear explosions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.71 (4), 1249-1268.

G. Masters and D. Gubbins (2003), On the resolution of density within the Earth, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.140, 159-167.

S. Matsumoto, K. Obara, and A. Hasegawa (1998), Imaging P-wave scatterer distribution in the focal area of the 1995 M7.2 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.25 (9), 1439-1442.

K. Mayeda, A. Hofstetter, J.L. O'Boyle, and W.R. Walter (2003), Stable and transportable regional magnitudes based on coda-derived moment-rate spectra, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (1), 224-239.

K. Mayeda, S. Koyanagi, M. Hoshiba, K. Aki, and Y. Zeng (1992), A comparative study of scattering, intrinsic, and coda $Q^{-1}$, for Hawaii, Long Valley, and central California between 1.5 and 15.0 Hz, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.97 (B5), 6643-6659.

K. Mayeda and W.R. Walter (1996), Moment, energy, stress drop, and source spectra of western United States earthquakes from regional coda envelopes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B5), 11,195-11,208.

K.L. McLaughlin, J.L. Bonner, and T. Barker (2004), Seismic source mechanisms for quarry blasts: modelling observed Rayleigh and Love wave radiation patterns from a Texas quarry, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.156, 79-93.

T. Melbourne and D. Helmberger (1998), Fine structure of the 410-km discontinuity, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B5), 10,091-10,102.

G.R. Mellman and D.V. Helmberger (1974), High-Frequency Attenuation by a Thin High-Velocity Layer, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.64 (5), 1383-1388.

W. Menke, V. Levin, and R. Sethi (1995), Seismic attenuation in the crust at the mid-Atlantic plate boundary in south-west Iceland, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.122, 175-182.

W. Menke and D. Schaff (2004), Absolute earthquake locations with differential data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (6), 2254-2264.

R.F. Mereu (2000), The Effect of Small Random Crustal Reflectors on the Complexity of Pg and PmP Coda, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.120, 183-199.

H. Mikada, H. Watanabe, and S. Sakashita (1997), Evidence for subsurface magma bodies beneath Izu-Oshima volcano inferred from a seismic scattering analysis and possible interpretation of the magma plumbing system of the 1986 eruptive activity, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.104, 257-269.

B.G. Mikhailenko (2000), Seismic Modeling by the Spectral-Finite Difference Method, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.119, 133-147.

D.S. Miller and R.B. Smith (1999), P and S velocity structure of the Yellowstone volcanic field from local earthquake and controlled-source tomography, J. Geophys. Res., vol.104 (B7), 15,105-15,121.

D.-J. Min, C. Shin, B.-D. Kwon and S. Chung (2000), Improved Frequency-Domain Elastic Wave Modelling Using Weighted-Averaging Difference Operators, Geophysics, Vol.65 (3), 884-895.

D.-J. Min, C. Shin, R.G. Pratt, and H.S. Yoo (2003), Weighted-averaging finite-element method for 2D elastic wave equations in the frequency domain, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 904-921.

S.E. Minkoff (2002), Spatial Parallelism of a 3D Finite Difference Velocity-Stress Elastic Wave Propagation Code, SIAM J. Sci. Comput., Vol.24 (1), 1-19.

B.J. Mitchell (1981), Regional variation and frequency dependence of Q_{beta} in the crust of the United States, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.71 (5), 1531-1538.

B.J. Mitchell (1995), Anelastic structure and evolution of the continental crust and upper mantle from seismic surface wave attenuation, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.33 (4), 441-462.

B.J. Mitchell, S. Baqer, A. Akinci, and L. Cong (1998), Lg coda Q in Australia and its relation to crustal structure and evolution, Pure Appl. Geophys., vol.153, 639-653.

B.J. Mitchell and L. Cong (1998), Lg coda Q and its relation to the structure and evolution of continents: A global perspective, Pure Appl. Geophys., vol.153, 655-663.

R. Mittet (2002), Free-surface boundary conditions for elastic staggered-grid modeling schemes, Geophysics, Vol.67 (5), 1616-1623.

T. Mizuno, K. Yomogida, H. Ito, and Y. Kuwahara (2001), Spatial distribution of shear wave anisotropy in the crust of the southern Hyogo region by borehole observations, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.147, 528-542.

P. Moczo, E. Bystrick\'{y}, J. Kristek, J.M. Carcione, and M. Bouchon (1997), Hybrid Modeling of P-SV Seismic Motion at Inhomogeneous Viscoelastic Topographic Structures, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (5), 1305-1323.

P. Moczo, J. Kristek and L. Halada (2000), 3D Fourth-Order Staggered-Grid Finite-Difference Schemes: Stability and Grid Dispersion, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (3), 587-603.

P. Moczo, J. Kristek, V. Vavry\v{c}uk, R.J. Archuleta, and L. Halada (2002), 3D heterogeneous staggered-grid finite-difference modeling of seismic motion with volume harmonic and arithmetic averaging of elastic moduli and densities, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (8), 3042-3066.

T. Modiano and D. Hatzfeld (1982), Experimental study of the spectral content shallow earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.72 (5), 1739-1758.

T. Momoi (2000), Waves Excited at a Free Surface in a Half-Infinite Isotropic Nonlinear Elastic Medium, Earth Planets Space, Vol.52, 307-314.

H.M. Mooney (1974), Some Numerical Solutions for Lamb's Problem, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.64 (2), 473-491.

W.D. Mooney, G. Laske, and T.G. Masters (1998), CRUST 5.1: a global crustal model at $5^{\circ} \times 5^{\circ}$ J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B1), 727-747.

P. Morasca, K. Mayeda, L. Malagnini, and W.R. Walter (2005), Coda-derived source spectra, moment magnitudes and energy-moment scaling in the western Alps, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.160, 263-275.

I.B. Morozov (2004), Crustal scattering and some artifacts in receiver function images, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (4), 1492-1499.

S. Mudaliar (2001), Diffuse waves in a random medium layer with rough boundaries, Waves Random Media, Vol.11, 45-60.

K. Mueller, J. Champion, M. Guccione, and K. Kelson (1999), Fault slip rates in the modern new Madrid seismic zone, Science, Vol.286, 1135-1138.

G.J.H. Muijres, G.C. Herman and P.G.J. Bussink (1998), Acoustic Wave Propagation in Two-Dimensional Media Containing Small-Scale Heterogeneities, Wave Motion, Vol.27, 137-154.

R. Muijs, J.O.A. Robertsson, A. Curtis, and K. Holliger (2003), Near-surface seismic properties for elastic wavefield decomposition: estimates based on multicomponent land and seabed recordings, Geophysics, Vol.68 (6), 2073-2081.

R.A. Mueller and J.R. Murphy (1971), Seismic characteristics of underground nuclear detonations, Part I. Seismic spectrum scaling, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.61 (6), 1675-1692.

G. M\"{u}ller (1968), Theoretical Seismograms for Some Types of Point-Sources in Layered Media, Part I: Theory, J. Geophys., Vol.34 (1), 15-35.

G. M\"{u}ller, M. Roth and M. Korn (1992), Seismic-wave traveltimes in random media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.110, 29-41.

G. M\"{u}ller (1968), Theoretical Seismograms for Some Types of Point-Sources in Layered Media, Part II: Numerical Calculation, J. Geophys., Vol.34 (2), 147-162.

T.M. M\"{u}ller and S.A. Shapiro (2001), Most probable seismic pulses in single realizations of two- and three-dimensional random media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.144, 83-95.

T.M. M\"{u}ller, S.A. Shapiro, and C.M.A. Sick (2002), Most probable ballistic waves in random media: a weak-fluctuation approximation and numerical results, Waves Random Media, Vol.12, 223-245.

T.M. M\"{u}ller and S.A. Shapiro (2003), Amplitude fluctuations due to diffraction and refraction in anisotropic random media: implications for seismic scattering attenuation estimates, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.155, 139-148.

T.M. M\"{u}ller and S.A. Shapiro (1999?), Green's fnction construction for 2D and 3D elastic random media, ?????.

W.H. Munk and F. Zachariasen (1976), Sound propagation through a fluctuating stratified ocean: theory and observation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., vol.59 (4), 818-838.

Y. Murai, J. Kawahara, and T. Yamashita (1995), Multiple Scattering of SH Waves in 2-D Elastic Media with Distributed Cracks, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.122, 925-937.

K. Murawski (2002), Random sound waves in a weakly stratified atmosphere, Waves Random Media, Vol.12, 433-441.

J.R. Murphy, I.O. Kitov, B.W. Barker, and D.D. Sultanov (2001), Seismic source characteristics of Soviet peaceful nuclear explosions, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 2077-2101.

S.C. Myers, L. Preston, J.L. Wagoner, S.L. Larsen, and K.D. Smith (2004), Simulation of regional explosion S-phase (SIRES) project, 26th Seismic Research Review, 124-133.

S.C. Myers, W.R. Walter, K. Mayeda, and L. Glenn (1999), Observations in support of Rg scattering as a source for explosion S waves: regional and local recordings of the 1997 Kazakhstan depth of burial experiment, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.89 (2), 544-549.

K. Nagano (1998), Crack-Wave Dispersion at a Fluid-Filled Fracture with Low-Velocity Layers, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.134, 903-910.

H. Nakahara (2004), Correlation distance of waveforms for closely located events - I. Implication of the heterogeneous structure around the source region of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake (Mw=6.9), Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 1255-1268.

H. Nakahara, H. Sato, M. Ohtake, and T. Nishimura (1999), Spatial distribution of high-frequency energy radiation on the fault of the 1995 Hyogo-Ken Nanbu, Japan, earthquake (Mw6.9) on the basis of the seismogram envelope inversion, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.89 (1), 22-35.

H.-C. Nataf and Y. Ricard (1996), 3SMAC: an a priori tomographic model of the upper mantle based on geophysical modeling, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.95, 101-122.

N.S. Neidell and M.T. Taner (1971), Semblance and other coherency measures for multichannel data, Geophysics, Vol.36 (3), 482-497.

P. Nielsen, F. If, P. Berg, and O. Skovgaard (1994), Using the Pseudospectral Technique on Curved Grids for 2D Acoustic Forward Modelling, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.42, 321-341.

S. Ni, D.V. Helmberger, and J. Tromp (2005), Three-dimensional structure of the African superplume from waveform modelling, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.161, 283-294.

P. Nielsen, F. If, P. Berg, and O. Skovgaard (1995), Using the Pseudospectral Method on Curved Grids for 2D Elastic Forward Modelling, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.43, 369-395.

L. Nielsen and H. Thybo (2003), The origin of teleseismic Pn waves: Multiple crustal scattering of upper mantle whispering gallery phases, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B10), 2460, doi:10.1029/2003JB002487.

L. Nielsen, H. Thybo, A. Levander, and L.N. Solodilov (2003), Origin of upper-mantle seismic scattering-evidence from Russian peaceful nuclear explosion data, Geophys. J. Int., vol.154, 196-204.

A.J. Niklasson and S.K. Datta (1998), Scattering by an Infinite Transversely Isotropic Cylinder in a Transversely Isotropic Medium, Wave Motion, Vol.27, 169-185.

A.V. Nikolaev and P.A. Troitskiy (1987), Lithospheric studies based on array analysis of P-coda and microseismics, Tectonophysics, Vol.140, 103-113.

K. Nishigami (1991), A new inversion method of coda waveforms to determine spatial distribution of coda scatterers in the crust and uppermost mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.18 (12), 2225-2228.

K. Nishigami (1997), Spatial distribution of coda scatterers in the crust around two active volcanoes and one active fault system in central Japan: Inversion analysis of coda envelope Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 75-89.

K. Nishigami (2000), Deep crustal heterogeneity along and around the San Andreas fault system in central California and its relation to the segmentation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B4), 7983-7998.

T. Nishimura, K. Yoshimoto, T. Ohtaki, K. Kanjo and I. Purwana (2002), Spatial distribution of lateral heterogeneity in the upper mantle around the western Pacific region as inferred from analysis of transverse components of teleseismic P-coda, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (23), 2137, doi:10.1029/2002GL015606.

T. Nishimura, N. Uchida, H. Sato, M. Ohtake, S. Tanaka, and H. Hamaguchi (2000), Temporal changes of the crustal structure associated with the M6.1 earthquake on September 3, 1998, and the volcanic activity of Mount Iwata, Japan, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.27 (2), 269-272.

F. Niu, S.C. Solomon, P.G. Silver, D. Suetsugu, and H. Inoue (2002), Mantle transition-zone structure beneath the South Pacific Superwell and evidence for a mantle plume underlying the Society hotspot, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.198, 371-380.

F. Niu and L. Wen (2001), Strong seismic scatterers near the core-mantle boundary west of Mexico, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.28 (18), 3557-3560.

D. Nkemzi (1997), A New Formula for the Velocity of Rayleigh Waves, Wave Motion, Vol.26, 199-205.

G. Nolet, S.P. Grand, B.L.N. Kennett (1994), Seismic heterogeneity in the upper mantle, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B12), 23,753-23,766.

R. Nowack (2003), Calculation of synthetic seismograms with Gaussian beams, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 487-507.

R. Nowack and W.-P. Chen (1999), Source-receiver reciprocity and empirical Green's functions from chemical blasts, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.89 (2), 538-543.

Nuttli, O.W. (1986), Yield estimates of Nevada Test Site explosions obtained from seismic Lg waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.91 (B2), 2137-2151.

T. Odaka, K. Ashiya, S. Tsukada, S. Sato, K. Ohtake, and D. Nozaka (2003), A new method of quickly estimating epicentral distance and magnitude from a single seismic record, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (1), 526-532.

D.D. Oglesby, R.J. Archuleta and S.B. Nielsen (2000), Dynamics of dip-slip faulting: Explorations in two dimensions, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B6), 13,643-13,653.

D.D. Oglesby and S.M. Day (2002), Stochastic fault stress: implications for fault dynamics, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.92 (8), 3006-3021.

H. Ogura and N. Takahashi (1995), Wave scattering from a random rough surface: reciprocal theorem and backscattering enhancement, Waves in Random Media, vol.5, 223-242.

T. Ohminato and B.A. Chouet (1997), A Free-Surface Boundary Condition for Including 3D Topography in the Finite-Difference Method, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (2), 494-515.

D.A. Okaya and T.V. McEvilly (2003), Elastic wave propagation in anisotropic crustal material possessing arbitrary internal tilt, Geophys. J. Int., vol.153, 344-358.

A. Ojeda and L. Ottem\"{o}ller (2002), Q_{Lg} tomography in Colombia, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.130, 253-270.

S.A.M. Oliveira (2003), A fourth-order finite-difference method for the acoustic wave equation on irregular grids, Geophysics, Vol.68 (2), 672-676.

K.b. Olsen, S.M. Day, and C.R. Bradley (2003), Estimation of Q for long-period (>2 sec) waves in the Los Angeles Basin, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.93 (2), 627-638.

S. Operto, J. Virieux, B. Hustedt, and F. Malfanti (2002), Adaptive Wavelet-Based Finite Difference Modelling of SH-Wave Propagation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.148, 476-498.

S. Operto, C. Ravaut, L. Improta, J. Virieux, A. Herrero, and P. Dell'Aversana (2004), Quantitative imaging of complex structures from dense wide-aperture seismic data by multiscale traveltime and waveform inversion: a case study, Geophys. Prospect., Vol.52, 625-651.

M. Ortiz and R. Bilham (2003), Source area and rupture parameters of the 31 December 1881 Mw=7.9 Car Nicobar earthquake estimated from tsunamis recorded in the Bay of Bengal, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B4), 2215, doi:10.1029/2002JB001941.

L. Ottem\"{o}ller, N.M. Shapiro, S.K. Singh, and J.F. Pacheco (2002), Lateral variation of Lg wave propagation n southern Mexico, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B1), 2008, 10.1029/2001JB000206.

R. Ottolini and J.F. Claerbout (1984), The migration of common midpoint slant stacks, Geophysics, Vol.49 (3), 237-249.

A.A. Ozacar and G. Zandt (2004), Crustal seismic anisotropy in central Tibet: Implications for deformational style and flow in the crust, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L23601, doi:10.1029/2004GL021096.

T. \"{O}zdenvar and G.A. McMechan (1997), Algorithms for Staggered-Grid Computations for Poroelastic, Elastic, Acoustic, and Scalar Wave Equations, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.45, 403-420.

S. Padhy (2005), A scattering model for seismic attenuation and its global applications, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.148, 1-12.

J.H. Page, M.L. Cowan, P. Sheng, and D.A. Weitz (1998?), Diffusing acoustic wave transport and spectroscopy, A chapter of a book ???.

K.L. Pankow and T. Lay (1999), Constraints on the Kurile slab from shear wave residual sphere analysis, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B4), 7255-7278.

K.L. Pankow and T. Lay (2002), Modeling S wave amplitude patterns for events in the Kurile slab using three-dimensional Gaussian beams, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B8), 10.1029/2001JB000594.

M. Panning and B. Romanowicz (2004), Inferences on flow at the base of Earth's mantle based on seismic anisotropy, Science, Vol.303, 351-353.

C.B. Park, R.D. Miller, and J. Xia (1999), Multichannel analysis of surface waves, Geophysics, vol.64 (3), 800-808.

H.J. Patton and S.R. Taylor (1995), Analysis of Lg spectral ratios from NTS explosions: implications for the source mechanisms of spall and the generation of Lg waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (1), 220-236.

A. Paul, M. Campillo, L. Margerin, E. Larose, and A. Derode (2005), Empirical synthesis of time-asymmetrical Green functions from the correlation of coda waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.110, B08302, doi:10.1029/2004JB003521.

H. Paulssen (1985), Upper mantle converted waves beneath the NARS array, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.12 (10), 709-712.

H. Paulssen (1988), Evidence for a sharp 670-km discontinuity as inferred from P-to-S converted waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.93 (B9), 10,489-10,500.

R.G. Payton (1995), Two-Dimensional Wave Motion Caused by Circular and Elliptical Sources, Wave Motion, Vol.21, 375-384.

H. Pedersen, J.I. Mars, and P.-O. Amblard (2003), Improving surface-wave group velocity measurements by energy reassignment, Geophysics, Vol.68 (2), 677-684.

G. Perrin, J.R. Rice, and G. Zheng (1995), Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.43, 1461-1495.

E.D. Pezzo, J. Ibanez, J. Morales, A. Akinci, and R. Maresca (1995), Measurements of intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in the crust, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (5), 1373-1380.

A.J. Philippacopoulos (1988), Lamb's Problem for Fluid-Satuarated, Porous Media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.78 (2), 908-923. (see, Sharma, 1992).

W.S. Phillips and K. Aki (1986), Site amplification of coda waves from local earthquakes in central California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.76 (3), 627-648.

W.S. Phillips, H.E. Hartse, and L.K. Steck (2001), Precise relative location of 25-ton chemical explosions at Balapan using IMS stations, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 173-192.

W.S. Phillips, H.E. Hartse, S.R. Taylor, A.A. Velasco, and G.E. Randall (2001), Application of regional phase amplitude tomography to seismic verification, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 1189-1206.

W.S. Phillips, H.J. Patton, C. Aprea, H.E. Hartse, and S.R. Taylor (2002), Regional magnitude studies in China and surrounding areas, 24th Seismic Research Review, Nuclear Explosion Monitoring: Innovation and Integration, 530-535.

W.L. Pilant (1972), Complex Roots of the Stoneley-Wave Equation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.62 (1), 285-299.

J. Phipps Morgan and D.W. Forsyth (1988), Three-dimensional flow and temperature perturbations due to a transform offset: effects on oceanic crustal andupper mantle structure, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.93 (B4), 2955-2966.

T. Pointer, E. Liu, and J.A. Hudson (1998), Numerical Modelling of Seismic Waves Scattered by Hydrofractures: Application of the Indirect Boundary Element Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 289-303.

J. Polet and H. Kanamori (2002), Anisotropy Beneath California: Shear Wave Splitting Measurements Using a Dense Broadband Array, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.149, 313-327.

F.F. Pollitz (2002), Regional Seismic Wavefield Computation on a 3-D Heterogeneous Earth Model by Means of Coupled Traveling WAve Synthesis, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 2085-2112.

P.W. Pomeroy, W.J. Best, and T.V. McEvilly (1982), Test ban treaty verification with regional data- a reivew, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.72 (6), S89-S129.

G. Poupinet, W.L. Ellsworth, and J. Frechet (1984), Monitoring velocity variation in the crust using earthquake doublets: An application to the Calaveras Fault, California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.89 (B7), 5719-5731.

G.A. Prieto, P.M. Shearer, F.L. Vernon, and D. Kilb (2004), Earthquake source scaling and self-similarity estimation from stacking P and S spectra, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B08310, doi:10.1029/2004JB003084.

K.F. Priestley, G. Zandt, and G.E. Randall (1988), Crustal structure in eastern Kazakh, U.S.S.R. from teleseismic receiver functions, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.15 (6), 613-616.

L.G. Pujades, A. Ugalde, J.A. Canas, M. Navarro, F.J. Badal, and V. Corchete (1997), Intrinsic and scattering attenuation from observed seismic codas in the Almeria Basin (southeastern Iberian Peninsula), Geophys. J. Int., Vol.129, 281-291.

N. Pulido and K. Irikura (2000), Estimation of dynamic rupture parameters from the radiated seismic energy and apparent stress, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.27, 3945-3948.

G.M. Purdy (1982), The Variability in Seismic Structure of Layer 2 Near the East Pacific Rise at 12^o N, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.87 (B10), 8403-8416.

J.H. Queen and W.D. Rizer (1990), An Integrated Study of Seismic Anisotrophy and the Natural Fracture System at the Conoco Borehole Test Facility, Kay County, Oklahoma, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.95 (B7), 11255-11273.

J. Queen, P.S. D'onfro, W.D. Rizer, D. Cox, and J. Sinton (1996), Utilizing Crosswell, Single Well and Pressure Transient Tests for Characterizing Fractured Gas Reservoirs, The Leading Edge, Vol.15, 951-956.

H.R. Quin and C.H. Thurber (1992), Seismic velocity structure and event relocation in Kazakhstan from secondary P phases, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.82 (6), 2494-2510.

A.G. Ramm (1980), Wave scattering by small bodies of arbitrary shapes, in 'Acoustic Electromagnetic and Elastic Wave Scattering - Focus on the T-Matrix Approach', Ed. V. Varadan, Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 537-546

K. Ranjith and J.R. Rice (2001), Slip dynamics at an interface between dissimilar materials, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.49, 341-361.

F. Rashid-Farrokhi, K.J.R. Liu, C.A. Berenstein, and D. Walnut (1997), Wavelet-Based Multiresolution local tomography, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, Vol.6 (10), 1412-1429.

A. Ratdomopurbo and G. Poupinet (1995), Monitoring a temporal change of seismic velocity in a volcano: application to the 1992 eruption of Mt. Merapi (Indonesia), Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.22 (7), 775-778.

T.G. Rautian and V.I. Khalturin (1978), The use of the coda for determination of the earthquake soruce spectrum, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.68 (4), 923-948.

T.G. Rautian, V.I. Khalturin, V.G. Martynov, and P. Molnar (1978), Preliminary analysis of the spectral content of P and S waves from local earthquakes in the Gram, Tadjikistan region, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.68 (4), 949-971.

C. Ravaut, S. Operto, L. Improta, J. Virieux, A. Herrero, and P. Dell'Aversana (2004), Multiscale imaging of complex structures from multfold wide-aperture seismic data by frequency-domain full-waveform tomography: application to a thrust belt, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 1032-1056.

N. Rawlinson and M. Sambridge (2003), Seismic traveltime tomography of the crust and lithosphere, Advances in Geophysics, Vol.46, 81-197.

M. Reshef and D. Kosloff (1986), Migration of common-shot gathers, Geophysics, Vol.51 (2), 324-331.

J. Revenaugh (1995), A scattered-wave image of subduction beneath the Transverse Ranges, California, Science, vol.268, 1888-1892.

J. Revenaugh (1995), Relationship of the 1992 Landers, California, earthquake sequence to seismic scattering, Science, Vol. 270, 1344-1347.

J. Revenaugh (1999), Geologic applications of seismic scattering, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., Vol.27, 55-73.

J. Revenaugh (2000), The relation of crustal scattering to seismicity in southern California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B11), 25,403-25,422.

J. Revenaugh and C. Reasoner (1997), Cumulative offset of the San Andreas fault in central California: A seismic approach, Geology, Vol.25 (2), 123-126.

J. Rhie and B. Romanowicz (2004), Excitation of Earth's continuous free oscillations by atmosphere-ocean-seafloor coupling, Nature, Vol.431, 552-556.

P.G. Richards, W.-Y. Kim, and G. Ekstr\"{o}m (1992), Borovoye geophysical observatory, Kazakhstan, Eos, Trans., American Geophysical Union, Vol.73 (18), May 5, 1992, 201 and 205-206.

A. Rietbrock and F. Scherbaum (1999), Crustal scattering at the KTB from a combined microearthquake and receiver analysis, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.136, 57-67. 201 and 205-206.

F. Ringdal (1990), Teleseismic event detection using the NORESS array, with special reference to low-yield Semipalatinsk explosions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.80, 2127-2142.

F. Ringdal, P.D. Marshall, and R.W. Alewine (1992), Seismic yield determination of Soviet underground nuclear explosions at the Shagan River test site, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.109, 65-77.

G.S. Robertsson and J.H. Woodhouse (1996), Ratio of relative S to P velocity heterogeneity in the lower mantle, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B9), 20,041-20,052.

*J.O.A. Robertsson (1996), A Numerical Free-Surface Condition for Elastic/Viscoelastic Finite-Difference Modeling in the Presence of Topography, Geophysics, Vol.61 (6), 1921-1934. (*For Q bearing elastic wave equations, viscoelastic)

J.O.A. Robertsson, J.O. Blanch, and W.W. Symes (1994), Viscoleastic Finite-Difference Modeling, Geophysics, Vol.59 (9), 1444-1456.

J.O.A. Robertsson and K. Holliger (1997), Modeling of seismic wave propagation near the earth's surface, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 193-211.

A.J. Rodgers and W.R. Walter (2002), Seismic discrimination of the May 11, 1998 Indian nuclear test with short-period regional data from station NIL (Nilore, Pakistan), Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 679-700.

B. Romanowicz (1990), The upper mantle degree 2: Constraints and inferernces from global mantle wave attenuation measurements, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.95 (B7), 11,051-11,071.

B. Romanowicz (1994), Anelastic tomography: a new perspective on upper mantle thermal structure, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.128, 113-121.

B. Romanowicz (1998), Attenuation tomography of the Earth's mantle: A review of current status, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 257-272.

B. Romanowicz (2001), Can we resolve 3D density heterogeneity in the lower mantle?, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.28 (6), 1107-1110.

B. Romanowicz (2003), 3D structure of the Earth's lower mantle, C.R. Geoscience, Vol.335, 23-35.

B. Romanowicz (2003), Global mantle tomography: progress status in the past 10 years, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., Vol.31, 303-328.

B. Romanowicz and Y. Gung (2002), Superplumes from the core-mantle boundary to the lithosphere: implications for heat flux, Science, Vol.296, 513-516.

F. Rolandone, R. Bu¨ rgmann, and R. M. Nadeau (2004), The evolution of the seismic-aseismic transition during the earthquake cycle: Constraints from the time-dependent depth distribution of aftershocks, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L23610, doi:10.1029/2004GL021379.

J.W.C. Rosa, F.A.C.M. Cardoso, K. Aki, H.S. Malvar, F.A.V. Artola and J.W.C. Rosa (2001), Modelling Elastic Media with the Wavelet Transform, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.146, 454-488.

S. Rost and E.J. Garnero (2004), Array seismology advances research into Earth's interior, EOS, Vol.85 (32), 301,305-306.

S. Rost and J. Revenaugh (2004), Small-scale changes of core-mantle boundary reflectivity studied using core reflected PcP, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.145, 19-36.

S. Rost and C. Thomas (2002), Array seismology: methods and applications, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol.40 (3), 1008, doi:10.1029/2000RG000100.

E.G. Roth, D.A. Wiens, and D. Zhao (2000), An empirical relationship between seismic attenuation and velocity anomalies in the upper mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.27 (5), 601-604.

M. Roth and M. Korn (1993), Single Scattering Theory Versus Numerical Modelling in 2-D Random Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.112, 124-140.

M. Roth, G. M\"{u}ller and R. Snieder (1993), Velocity Shift in Random Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 552-563.

Z. Roumelioti, D. Dreger, A. Kiratzi, and N. Theodoulidis (2003), Slip distribution of the 7 September 1999 Athens earthquake inferred from an empirical Green's function study, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 775-782.

A. Rovelli, A. Vuan, G. Mele, E. Priolo, and E. Boschi (2004), Rarely observed short-period (5-10 s) suboceanic Rayleigh waves propagating across the Tyrrhenian Sea, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L22605, doi:10.1029/2004GL021194.

H.J. Rowlands, D.C. Booth, and J.-M. Chiu (1993), Shear-wave splitting from microearthquakes in the new Madrid seismic zone, Canadian Journal of Exploration Geophysics, Vol.29 (1), 352-362.

Russian Federation/United States Calibration Working Group (2001), Analysis of the IMS location accuracy in northern Eurasia and North America using regional and Global Pn travel-time tables, Pure Appl. Geophys., vol.158, 59-77.

G. Russo and A. Zollo (2003), A constant Q technique for the numerical simulation of attenuation of seismic body waves, Geophysics, vol.68 (5), 1744-1748.

B. R\o{u}\v{z}ek, V. Vavry\'{c}uk, P. Hrubcov\'{a}, J. Zedn\'{i}k , and the CELEBRATION Working Group (2003), Crustal anisotropy in the Bohemian Massif, Czech Republic: Observations based on Central European Lithospheric Experiment Based on Refraction (CELEBRATION) 2000, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B8), 2392, doi:10.1029/2002JB002242.

K.G. Sabra, P. Gerstoft, P. Roux, W.A. Kuperman, and M.C. Fehler (2005), Extracting time-domain Green's function estimates from ambient seismic noise, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L03310, doi:10.1029/2004GL021862.

P.N. Sahay (2001), Dynamic Green's Function for Homogeneous and Isotropic Porous Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.147, 622-629.

T. Saito, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (2002), Envelope Broadening of Spherically Outgoing Waves in Three-Dimensional Random Media Having Power Law Spectra, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B5), doi:10.1029/2001JB000264.

T. Saito, H. Sato, M. Fehler, and M. Ohtake (2003), Simulating the envelope of scalar waves in 2D random media having power-law spectra of velocity fluctuation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.93 (1), 240-252.

R.L. Saltzer, R.D. van der Hilst, and H. K\'{a}rason (2001), Comparing P and S wave heterogeneity in the mantle, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.28 (7), 1335-1338.

M.S. Sambridge (2003), An ensemble view of Earth's inner core, Science, Vol.299, 529-530.

M.S. Sambridge and R. Faleti\v{c} (2003), Adaptive whole Earth tomography, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Vol.4 (3), 1022, doi:10.1029/2001GC000213.

M.S. Sambridge and B.L.N. Kennett (2001), Seismic event location: nonlinear inversion using a Neighbourhood Algorithm, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 241-257.

Y. Samuelides (1998), Velocity shift using the Rytov approximation, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.105 (5), 2596-2603.

Y. Samuelides and T. Mukerji (1998), Velocity shift in heterogeneous media with anisotropic spatial correlation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.134, 778-786.

F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma and F. Campillo (1993), Topographic effects for incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves, Tectonophysics, Vol.218, 113-125.

F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma and U. Iturrar\'{a}n-Viveros (2001), Scattering and Diffraction of SH Waves by a Finite Crack: An Analytic Solution, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.145, 749-758.

F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma, R. Madariaga, and K. Irikura (2001), An approximate elastic two-dimensional Green's function for a constant-gradient medium, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.146, 237-248.

F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma and F. Luz\'on (1996), Can horizontal P waves be trapped and resonate in a shallow sedimentary basin?, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.124, 209-214.

C.O. Sanders and H. Kanamori (1984), A seismotectonic analysis of the Anza seismic gap, San Jacinto Fault Zone, southern California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.89 (B7), 5873-5890.

E. Sandvol, K. Al-Damegh, A. Calvert, D. Seber, M. Barazangi, R. Moamad, R. G\"{o}k, N. T\"{u}rkelli, and C. G\"{u}rb\"{u}z (2001), Tomographic imaging of Lg and Sn propagation in the Middle East, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 1121-1163.

G. Sarker and G.A. Abers (1998), Comparison of seismic body wave and coda wave measures of Q, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 665-683.

H. Sato (1982), Attenuation of S Waves in the Lithosphere due to Scattering by Its Random Velocity Structure, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.87 (B9), 7779-7785.

H. Sato (1982), Amplitude Attenuation of Impulsive Waves in Random Media based on Travel Time Corrected Mean Wave Formalism, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.71 (3), 559-564.

H. Sato (1984), Attenuation and Envelope Formation of Three-Component Seismograms of Small Local Earthquakes in Randomly Inhomogeneous Lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.89 (B2), 1221-1241.

H. Sato (1989), Broadening of seismogram envelopes in the randomly inhomogeneous lithosphere based on the parabolic approximation: southeastern Honshu, Japan, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B12), 17,735-17,747.

H. Sato (1993), Energy Transportation in One- and Two-Dimensional Scattering Media: Analytic Solutions of the Multiple Isotropic Scattering Model, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.112, 141-146.

H. Sato (1994), Multiple isotropic scattering model including P-S conversions for the seismogram envelope formation, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.117, 487-494.

H. Sato (1997), Synthesis of scattered energy density for nonspherical radiation from a point shear-dislocation source based on the radiative transfer theory, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 1-13.

H. Sato, M. Fehler, and T. Saito (2004), Hybrid synthesis of scalar wave envelopes in two-dimensional random media having rich short-wavelength spectra, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B06303), doi:10.1029/2003JB002673.

H. Sato, M. Fehler, and R.-S. Wu (2000), Scattering and Attenuation of Seismic Waves in the Lithosphere, Ch. 11 in 'Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology', edited by W.H.K. Lee, Academic Press.

H. Sato, K. Muro, and A. Hasegawa (1998), Three-dimensional mapping of magma source and transport regions from seismic data: The mantle wedge beneath northeastern Japan, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 377-398.

H. Sato, H. Nakahara, and M. Ohtake (1997), Synthetic of scattered energy density for nonspherical radiation from a point shear-dislocation source based on the radiative transfer theory, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 1-13.

H. Sato and M. Nishino (2002), Multiple isotropic-scattering model on the spherical Earth for the synthesis of Rayleigh-wave envelopes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2343, doi:10.1029/2001JB000915.

D.P. Schaff, G.H.R. Bokelmann, G.C. Beroza, F. Waldhauser, and W.L. Ellsworth (2002), High-resolution image of Calaveras Fault seismicity, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B9), 2186, doi:10.1029/2001JB000633.

D.P. Schaff, G.H.R. Bokelmann, W.L. Ellsworth, E. Zanzerkia, F. Waldhauser, and G.C. Beroza (2004), Optimizing correlation techniques for improved earthquake location, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (2), 705-721.

D.P. Schaff and P.G. Richards (2004), Repeating seismic events in China, Science, Vol.303, 1176-1178.

F. Scherbaum, D. Gillard, and N. Deichmann (1991), Slowness power spectrum analysis of the coda composition of two microearthquake clusters in northern Switzerland, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.67, 137-161.

F. Scherbaum, F. Kr\"{u}ger, and M. Weber (1997), Double beam imaging: mapping lower mantle heterogeneities using combinations of source and receiver arrays, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B1), 507-522.

F. Scherbaum, , J. Schmedes, and F. Cotton (2004), On the conversion of source-to-site distance measures for extended earthquake soruce models, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (3), 1053-1069.

M. Schimmel and H. Paulssen (1997), Noise reduction and detection of weak, coherent signals through phase-weighted stacks, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.130, 497-505.

E. Schissel\'{e}, J. Guilbert, S. Gaffet, and Y. Cansi (2004), Accurate time-frequency-wavenumber analysis to study coda waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158 (2), 577-591.

J. Schlittenhardt (2001), Teleseismic Lg of Semipalatinsk and Novaya Zemlya nuclear explosions recorded by the GRF (Gr\"{a}fenberg) Array: comparison with regional Lg (BRV) and their potential for accurate yield estimation, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 2253-2274.

R.O. Schmidt (1986), Multiple emitter location and signal parameter estimation, IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol.34 (3), 276-280.

S. Schneider (2003), Application of fast methods for acoustic scattering and radiation problems, J. Comput. Acoust., Vol.11 (3), 387-401.

C.H. Scholz (1998), Earthquakes and friction laws, Nature, Vol.391, 37-42.

G. Schubert, G. Masters, P. Olson, and P. Tackley (2004), Superplumes or plume clusters?, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.146, 147-162.

V. Schulte-Pelkum and D.K. Blackman (2003), A synthesis of seismic P and S anisotropy, Geophys. J. Int., vol.154, 166-178.

P.S. Schultz and J.W.C. Sherwood (1980), Depth migration before stack, Geophysics, vol.45 (3), 376-393.

G.T. Schuster, J. Yu, J. Sheng, and J. Rickett (2004), Interferometric/daylight seismic imaging, Geophys. J. Int., vol.157, 838-852.

S.Y. Schwartz and T. Lay (1991), Shear Wave Travel Time, Amplitude, and Waveform Analysis for Earthquakes in the Kurile Slab: Constraints on Deep Slab Structure and Mantle Heterogeneity, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B9), 14,445-14,460.

S.Y. Schwartz and T. Lay (1991), Seismic Imaging of Subducting Slabs: Trade-Offs with Deep Path and Near-Receiver Effects, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.18 (7), 1265-1268.

J. Schweitzer (2001), Slowness corrections - one way to improve IDC products, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 375-396.

D. Seber, M. Barazangi, B.A. Tadili, M. Ramdani, A. Ibenbrahim, D.B. Sari, and S.O.E. Alami (1993), Sn to Sg conversion and focusing along the Atlantic margin, Morocco: Implications for earthquake hazard evaluation, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.20 (14), 1503-1506.

D. Seber and B.J. Mitchell (1992), Attenuation of surface waves across the Arabian peninsula, Tectonophysics, Vol.204, 137-150.

S. Sekiguchi (1992), Amplitude Distribution of Seismic Waves for Laterally Heterogeneous Structures Including a Subduction Slab, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.111, 448-464.

T.J. Sereno, Jr., and J.A. Orcutt (1985), Synthesis of realistic oceanic Pn wave trains, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.90 (B14), 12,755-12,776.

T.J. Sereno, Jr., and J.A. Orcutt (1987), Synthetic Pn and Sn phases and the frequency dependence of Q of oceanic lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.92 (B5), 3541-3566.

T.J. Sereno, Jr., S.R. Bratt, and T.C. Bache (1988), Simultaneous inversion of regional wave spectra for attenuation and seismic moment in Scandinavia, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.93 (B3), 2019-2035.

N.M. Shapiro and M. Campillo (2004), Emergence of broadband Rayleigh waves from correlations of the ambient seismic noise, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.31, L07614, doi:10.1029/2004GL019491.

N.M. Shapiro, M. Campillo, A. Paul, S.K. Singh, D. Jongmans, and F.J. S\'{a}nchez-Sesma (1997), Surface-wave propagation across the Mexican Volcanic Belt and the origin of the long-period seismic-wave amplification in the Valley of Mexico, Geophys. J. Int., vol.128, 151-166.

N.M. Shapiro, M. Campillo, L. Margerin, S.K. Singh, V. Kostoglodov, and J. Pacheco, J. (2000), The energy partitioning and the diffusive character of the seismic coda. Bull. Seism. Soc. Am. vol.90(3), 655-665, 2000.

N.M. Shapiro, M. Campillo, L. Stehly, and M.H. Ritzwoller (2004), High resolution surface wave tomography from ambient seismic noise, Science, 307, 1615-1618.

N.M. Shapiro, K.B. Olsen, and S.K. Singh (2000), Wave-Guide Effects in Subduction Zones: Evidence from Three-Dimensional Modeling, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.27 (3), 433-436.

N.M. Shapiro, M.H. Ritzwoller, P. Molnar, and V. Levin (2004), Thinning and flow of Tibetan crust constrained by seismic aniostropy, Science, Vol.305, 233-236.

N.M. Shapiro and S.K. Singh (1999), A systematic error in estimating surface-wave group-velocity dispersion curves and a procedure for its correction, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.89 (4), 1138-1142.

S.A. Shapiro and G. Kneib (1993), Seismic Attenuation by Scattering: Theory and Numerical Results, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.114, 373-391.

S.A. Shapiro, R. Schwarz, and N. Gold (1996), The Effect of Random Isotropic Inhomogeneities on the Phase Velocity of Seismic Waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.127, 783-794.

S.A. Shapiro and S. Treitel (1997), Multiple scattering of seismic waves in multilayered structures, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.104, 147-159.

M.D. Sharma (1992), Comments on "Lamb's Problem for Fluid-Saturated Porous Media", Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.82 (5), 2263-2273. (see, Philippacopoulos, 1988).

B.E. Shaw (2003), Magnitude dependence of radiated energy spectra: far-field expressions of slip pulses in earthquake models, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B2), 2100, doi:10.1029/2001JB000741.

P.M. Shearer (1990), Seismic imaging of upper-mantle structure with new evidence for a 520-km discontinuity, Nature, Vol.344, 121-126.

P.M. Shearer (1991), Imaging global body wave phases by stacking long-period seismograms, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B12), 20,353-20,364.

P.M. Shearer (1991), Constraints on upper mantle discontinuities from observations of long-period reflected and converted phases, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B11), 18,147-18,182.

P.M. Shearer (1993), Global mapping of upper mantle reflectors from long-period SS percursors, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 878-904.

P.M. Shearer (2002), Parallel fault strands at 9-km depth resolved on the Imperial Fault, Southern California, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.29 (14), 1674, doi:10.1029/2002GL015302.

P.M. Shearer and P.S. Earle (2004), The global short-period wavefield modelled with a Monte Carlo seismic phonon method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158 (3), (in press).

P.M. Shearer and M.P. Flanagan (1999), Seismic velocity and density jumps across the 410- and 660-kilometer discontinuities, Science, Vol.285, 1545-1548.

P.M. Shearer, M.P. Flanagan, and M.A.H. Hedlin (1999), Experiments in Migration Processing of SS Precursor Data to Image Upper Mantle Discontinuity Structure, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B4), 7229-7242.

N.V. Shebalin (1971), The maximum magnitude and maximum scale intensity of an earthquake, Physics of the Solid Earth, Vol.6, 397-402.

Y. Shen and J. Blum (2003), Seismic evidence for accumulated oceanic crust above the 660-km discontinuity beneath southern Africa, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.30 (18), 1925, doi:10.1029/2003GL017991.

Y. Shen, C.J. Wolfe, and S.C. Solomon (2003), Seismological evidence for a mid-mantle discontinuity beneath Hawaii and Iceland, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.214, 143-151.

Y. Shen, S.C. Solomon, I. Th. Bjarnason, and C.J. Wolfe (1998), Seismic evidence for a lower-mantle origin of the Iceland plume, Nature, Vol.395, 62-65.

Changsoo Shin (1995), Sponge Boundary Condition for Frequency-Domain Modelling, Geophysics, Vol.60 (6), 1870-1874.

S.-H. Shim, T.S. Duffy, R. Jeanloz, and G. Shen (2004), Stability and crystal structure of MgSiO3 perovskite to the core-mantle boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L10603, doi:10.1029/2004GL019639.

S.-H. Shim, T.S. Duffy, and G. Shen (2004), The post-spinel transformation in Ma2SiO4 and its relation to the 660-km seismic discontiuity, Nature, vol.411, 571-574.

C. Shin, K.J. Marfurt, K.G. Park, D.-J. Min, K. Yoon, D. Yang, T. Ha, S. Ko, W. Kim, and S. Hong (2002), Traveltime and amplitude calculation using a perturbation approach, Geophysics, Vol.67 (5), 1648-1655.

C. Shin, D-J. Min, K.J. Marfurt, H.Y. Lim, D. Yang, Y. Cha, S. Ko, K. Yoon, T. Ha, and S. Hong (2002), Traveltime and amplitude calculations using the damped wave solution, Geophysics, Vol.67 (5), 1637-1647.

A. Shito, S.-I. Karato, and J. Park (2004), Frequency dependence of Q in Earth's upper mantle inferred from continuous spectra of body waves, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L12603, doi:10.1029/2004GL019582.

C.M.A. Sick, T.M. M\"{u}ller, S.A. Shapiro, and S. Buske (2003), Amplitude corrections for randomly distributed heterogeneities above a targe reflector, Geophysics, Vol.68 (5), 1497-1502.

J. \v{S}\'{i}len\'{y} and J. Plomerov\'{a} (1996), Inversion of shear-wave slitting parameters to retrieve three-dimensional orientation of anisotropy in continental lithosphere, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.95, 277-292.

P.G. Silver (1996), Seismic anisotropy beneath the continents: Probing the depths of geology, Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., Vol.24, 385-432.

S.K. Singh, J. Pacheco, M. Ordaz, and V. Kostoglodov (2000), Source time function and duration of Mexican earthquakes, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (2), 468-482.

S.K. Singh, M. Ordaz, J.F. Pacheco, and F. Courboulex (2000), A simple source inversion scheme for displacement seismograms recorded at short distances, J. Seism., Vol.4, 267-284.

C. Sivaji, O. Nishizawa, G. Kitagawa, and Y. Fukushima (2002), A physical-model study of the statistics of seismic waveform fluctuations in random heterogeneous media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.148, 575-595.

R.A. Slawinski and E.S. Krebes (2002), Finite-difference modeling of SH-wave propagation in nonwelded contact media, Geophysics, Vol.67 (5), 1656-1663.

G. Smith, D. Gubbins, and W. Mao (1994), Fast P wave propagation in subducted pacific lithosphere: refraction from the plate, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B12), 23,787-23,800.

R. Snieder (1986), The influence of topography on the propagation and scattering of surface waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.44, 226-241.

R. Snieder (1986), 3-D linearized scattering of surface waves and a formalism for surface wave holography, Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc., vol.84, 581-605.

R. Snieder (1988), Large-scale waveform inversions of surface waves for lateral heterogeneity, 1. Theory and numerical examples, J. Geophys. Res., vol.93 (B10), 12,055-12,065.

R. Snieder (2002), General Theory of Elastic Wave Scattering, Ch. 1.7.1 in `Scattering and Inverse Scattering in Pure and Applied Sciences', edited by R. Pike and R. Sabatier, Academic Press, San Diego, 528-542.

R. Snieder (2002), Scattering of Surface Waves, Ch. 1.7.3 in `Scattering and Inverse Scattering in Pure and Applied Sciences', edited by R. Pike and R. Sabatier, Academic Press, San Diego, 562-577.

R. Snieder (2002), Coda wave interferometry and the equilibration of energy in elastic media, Rphys. Rev. E, vol.66, 046615, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.046615.

R. Snieder (2004), Extracting the Green's function from the correlation of coda waves: A derivation based on stationary phase, Phys. Rev. E, vol.69, 046610, doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.66.046610.

R. Snieder, A. Gr\^{e}t, H. Douma, and J. Scales (2002), Coda wave interferometry for estimating nonlinear behavior in seismic velocity, Science, vol.295, 2253-2255.

R. Snieder and M. Hagerty (2004), Monitoring change in volcanic interiors using coda wave interferometry: Application to Arenal Volcano, Costa Rica, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L09608, doi:10.1029/2004GL019670.

R. Snieder and M. Vrijlandt (2005), Constraining the source separation with coda wave interferometry: Theory and application to earthquake doublets in the Hayward fault, California, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.110, B04301, doi:10.1029/2004JB003317.

J. Sochacki, R. Kubichek, J. George, W.R. Fletcher and S. Smithson (1987), Absorbing Boundary Conditions and Surface Waves, Geophysics, Vol.52 (1), 60-71.

P.G. Somerville (2003), Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.137, 201-212.

S.G. Song and G.C. Beroza (2004), A simple dynamic model for the 1995 Kobe, Japan earthquake, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.31, L18613, doi:10.1029/2004GL020557.

J. Spetzler and R. Snieder (2001), The Effect of Small-Scale Heterogeneity on the Arrival Time of Waves, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.145, 786-796.

J. Spetzler and R. Snieder (2004), The Fresnel volume and transmitted waves, Geophysics, Vol.69 (3), 653-663.

P. Spudich and T. Bostwick (1987), Studies of the seismic coda using an earthquake cluster as a deeply buried seismograph array, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.92 (B10), 10,526-10,546.

R. Stacey (1988), Improved Transparent Boundary Formulations for the Elastic-Wave Equation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.78 (6), 2089-2097.

I. \v{S}tekl and R.G. Pratt (1998), Accurate Viscoelastic Modeling by Frequency-Domain Finite Differences Using Rotated Operators, Geophysics, Vol.63 (5), 1779-1794.

R.G. Steg and P.G. Klemens (1974), Scattering of Rayleigh waves by surface defects, J. Appl. Phys., Vol.45 (1), 23-29.

R.A. Stephen (1990), Solutions to range-dependent benchmark problems by the finite-difference method, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (4), 1527-1534.

R.A. Stephen (1996), Modeling sea surface scattering by the time-domain finite-difference method, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.100 (4), 2070-2078.

R.A. Stephen (2000), Optimum and standard beam widths for numerical modeling of interface scattering problems, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.107 (3), 1095-1102.

R.A. Stephen, F. Cardo-Casas and C.H. Cheng (1985), Finite-Difference Synthetic Acoustic Logs, Geophysics, Vol.50 (10), 1588-1609.

R.A. Stephen and S.A. Swift (1994), Finite Difference Modeling of Geoacoustic Interaction at Anelastic Seafloors, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.95 (1), 60-70.

R.A. Stephen and S.A. Swift (1994), Modeling Seafloor Geoacoustic Interaction with a Numerical Scattering Chamber, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.96 (2), 973-990.

J.L. Stevens, G.E. Baker, R.W. Cook, G.L. D'Spain, L.P. Berger, and S.M. Day (2001), Empirical and numerical modeling of T-phase propagation from ocean to land, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 531-565.

R.H. Stolt (1978), Migration by fourier transform, Geophysics, Vol.43 (1), 23-48.

R.H. Stolt and A.B. Weglein (1985), Migration and inversion of seismic data, Geophysics, Vol.50 (12), 2458-2472.

B. Stump (1985), Constraints on explosive sources with spall from near-source waveforms, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (2), 361-377.

B.W. Stump and L.R. Johnson (1984), Near-field source characterization of contained nuclear explosions in tuff, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.74 (1), 1-26.

B. Stump, M.-S. Jun, C. Hayward, J.-S. Jeon, I.-Y. Che, K. Thomason, S.M. House, and J. McKenna (2004), Small-aperture seismo-acoustic arrays: design, implementation, and utilization, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (1), 220-236.

B. Stump, R.E. Reinke, K.H. Olsen, and L.R. Johnson (1994), Isotropic and deviatoric characterization of the Coalora nuclear explosion in Yucca Flats, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.116, 538-552.

H. Sudhaus and J.R.R. Ritter (2005), High-resolution measurement of the seismic attenuation across the Vrancea region, Romania, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L10301, doi:10.1029/2004GL022148.

D. Suetsugu, T. Saita, H. Takenaka, and F. Niu (2004), Thickness of the mantle transition zone beneath the South Pacific as inferred from analyses of ScS reverberated and Ps converted waves, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.146, 35-46.

T. Taira and K. Yomogida (2003), Characteristics of small-scale heterogeneities in the Hidaka, Japan, region estimated by coda envelope level, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93(4), 1531-1541.

T. Taira and K. Yomogida (2004), Imaging of three-dimensional small-scale heterogeneities in the Hidaka, Japan region: coda spectral analysis, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158, 998-1008..

Y. Takei (2002), Effect of Pore Geometry on Vp/Vs: From Equilibrium Geometry tro Crack, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B2).

H. Takenaka and B.L.N. Kennett (1996), A 2.5-D time-domain elastodynamic equation for plane-wave incidence, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.125, F5-F9.

H. Takenaka, Y. Mamada, and H. Futamure (2003), Near-source effect on radiation pattern of high-frequency S waves: strong SH-SV mixing observed from aftershocks of the 1997 Northwestern Kagoshima, Japan, earthquakes, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.137, 31-43.

H. Takenaka, H. Tanaka, T. Okamoto, and B.L.N. Kennett (2003), Quasi-cylindrical 2.5D wave modeling for large-scale seismic surveys, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.30 (21), 2086, doi:10.1029/2003GL018068.

N. Takeuchi and R.J. Geller (2000), Optimally Accurate Second Order Time-Domain Finite Difference Scheme for Computing Synthetic Seismograms in 2-D and 3-D Media, Phys. Earth Plant. Inter., Vol.119, 99-131.

N. Takeuchi and R.J. Geller (2003), Accurate numerical methods for solving the elastic equation of motion for arbitrary source locations, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.154, 852-866.

H. Tal-Ezer, D. Kosloff and Z. Koren (1987), An Accurate Scheme for Seismic Forward Modelling, Geophysical Prospecting, Vol.35, 479-490.

H. Tal-Ezer, J.M. Carcione, and D. Kosloff (1990), An Accurate and Efficient Scheme for Wave Propagation in Linear Viscoelastic Media, Geophysics, Vol.55 (10), 1366-1379.

S.R. Taylor, B.P. Bonner, and G. Zandt (1986), Attenuation and scattering of broadband P and S waves across North America, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.91 (B7), 7309-7325.

E. Tessmer (1995), 3-D Seismic Modelling of General Material Anisotropy in the Presence of the Free Surface by a Chebyshev Spectral Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.121, 557-575.

E. Tessmer (2000), Seismic Finite-Difference Modeling with Spatially Varying Time Steps, Geophysics, Vol.65 (4), 1290-1293.

E. Tessmer and D. Kosloff (1994), 3-D Elastic MOdeling with Surface Topography by a Chebychev Spectral Method, Geophysics, Vol.59 (3), 464-473.

E. Tessmer, D. Kosloff and A. Behle (1992), Elastic Wave Propagation Simualtion in the Presence of Surface Topography, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.108, 621-632.

C. Thomas, E.J. Garnero, and T. Lay (2004), High-resolution imaging of lowermost mantle structure under the Cocos plate, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109, B08307, doi:10.1029/2004JB003013.

C. Thomas, T. Heesom, and J.M. Kendall (2002), Investigating the heterogeneity of the D" region beneath the northern Pacific using a seismic array, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B11), 2274, doi:10.1029/2000JB000021.

C. Thomas, H. Igel, M. Weber, and F. Scherbaum (2000), Acoustic Simulation of P-Wave Propagation in a Heterogeneous Spherical Earth: Numerical Method and Application to Precursor Waves to PKPdf, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.141, 307-320.

C. Thomas, J.-M. Kendall, and J. Lowman (2004), Lower-mantle seismic discontinuities and the thermal morphology of subducted slabs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.225, 105-113.

C. Thomas, J.-M. Kendall, and M. Weber (2002), The lowermost mantle beneath northern Asia - I. Multi-azimuth studies of a D" heterogeneity, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.151, 279-295.

C. Thomas, M. Weber, C.W. Wicks, and F. Scherbaum (1999), Small scatterers in the lower mantle observed at German broadband arrays, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B7), 15,073-15,088.

L. Thomsen (1986), Weak Elastic Anisotropy, Geophysics, Vol.51 (10), 1954-1966.

K.W. Thompson (1990), Time-Depdendent Boundary Conditions for Hyperbolic Systems, II, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.89, 439-461.

M.S. Thorne and E.J. Garnero (2004), Inference on ultralow-velocity zone structure from a global analysis of SPdKS waves, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B08301), doi:10.1029/2004JB003010.

J.R. Thorson and J.F. Claerbout (1985), Velocity-stack and slant-stack stochastic inversion, Geophysics, Vol.50 (12), 2727-2741.

C.H. Thurber (2003), Seismic Tomography of the lithosphere with body waves, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 717-737.

C. Thurber, S. Roecker, H. Zhang, S. Baher, and W. Ellsworth (2004), Fine-scale structure of the San Andreas fault zone and location of the SAFOD target earthquakes, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L12S02, doi:10.1029/2003GL019398.

C. Thurber, C. Trabant, F. Haslinger, and R. Hartog (2001), Nuclear explosion locations at the Balapan, Kazakhstan, nuclear test site: the effects of high-precision arrival times and three-dimensional structure, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.123, 283-301.

H. Thybo, L. Nielsen, and E. Perchuc (2003), Seismic scattering at the top of the mantle transition zone, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.216, 259-269.

I.M. Tibuleac, G. Nolet, C. Michaelson, and I. Koulakov (2003), P wave amplitudes in a 3-D earth, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.155, 1-10.

M.V. Tinin (2004), Wave scattering in a multiscale random inhomogeneous medium, Waves Random Media, Vol.14, 97-108.

H. Tkal\v{c}i\'{c} and B. Romanowicz (2002), Short Scale Heterogeneity in the Lowermost Mantle: Insights from PcP-P and ScS-S data, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Vol.201, 57-68.

A. To, B. Romanowicz, Y. Capdeville, and N. Takeuchi (2005), 3D effects of sharp boundaries at the borders of the African and Pacific Superplumes: Observation and modeling, Earth Palnet. Sci. Lett., Vol.233, 137-153.

I. Tolstikhin and A.W. Hofmann (2005), Early crust on top of the Earth's core, Phys. Earth Palnet. Inter., Vol.148, 109-130.

C. Tong, O. Gudmundsson, and B.L.N. Kennett (1994), Shear wave splitting in refracted waves returned from the upper mantle transition zone beneath northern Australia, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B8), 15,783-15,797.

M.N. Toks\"{o}z, X. Li, M. Krasovec, and S. Chi (2004), Characterization of an explosion source in a complex medium by modeling and wavelet domain inversion, 26th Seismic Research Review, 503-512.

C. Trabant, C. Thuurber, and W. Leith (2002), Ground truth seismic events and location capability at Degelen mountain, Kazakhstan, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.131, 155-171.

L.N. Trefethen and L. Halpern (1986), Well-Posedness of One-Way Wae Equations and Absorbing Boundary Conditions, Mathematics of Computation, Vol.47 (176), 421-435.

N.P. Tr\'{e}gour\`{e}s and B.A. van Tiggelen (2002), Generalized diffusion equation for multiple scattered elastic waves, Waves Random Media, Vol.12, 21-38.

J.N. Tripathi (2002), Scattering Coefficient for S Wave Incident in a Random Medium Characterized by Exponential Correlation Function, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.150, 415-421.

J.N. Tripathi and A. Ram (1997), Elastic-Wave Scattering in a Random Medium Characterized by the Von Karman Correlation Function and Small-Scale Inhomogeneities in the Lithosphere, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.131, 682-698.

J.N. Tripathi and A. Ugalde (2004), Regional estimation of Q from seismic coda observations by the Gauribidanur seismic array (southern India), Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.145, 115-126.

Y.-B. Tsai and K. Aki (1969), Simultaneous determination of the seismic moment and attenuation of seismic surface waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.59 (1), 275-287.

G. Tselentis (1993), Depth-dependent seismic attenuation in Western Greece, Tectonophysics, Vol.225, 523-528.

G. Tselentis (1998), Intrinsic and scattering seismic attenuation in W. Greece, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 703-712.

S. Tsuboi, D. Komatitsch, C. Ji, and J. Tromp (2003), Broadband modeling of the 2002 Denali fault earthquake on the Earth Simulator, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.139, 305-312.

G. Tusa, S.D. Malone, E. Giampiccolo, S. Gresta, and C. Musumeci (2004), Attenuation of short-period P waves at Mount St. Helens, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (4), 1441-1455.

A. Ugalde, L.G. Pujades, J.A. Canas, and A. Villase\~{n}or (1998), Estimation of the intrinsic absorption and scattering attenuation in northeastern Venezuela (southeastern Caribbean) using coda waves, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 685-702.

B.J. Uscinski and C.J. Stanek (2002), Acoustic scattering from a rough sea surface: the mean field by the integral equation method, Waves Random Media, Vol.12, 247-263.

G.B. van Baren, W.A. Mulder, and G.C. Herman (2001), Finite-Difference Modeling of Scalar-Wave Propagation in Cracked Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.66 (1), 267-276.

J.H.M.T. van der Hijden and F.L. Neerhoff (1984), Diffraction of Elastic Waves by a Sub-Surface Crack (In-Plane Motion), J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (6), 1694-1704.

R.D. van der Hilst (2004), Changing views on Earth's deep mantle, Science, Vol.306, 817-818.

R.D. van der Hilst and H. K\'{a}rason (1999), Compositional heterogeneity in the bottom 1000 kilometers of Earth's mantle: toward a hybrid convection model, Science, Vol.283, 1885-1888.

R.D. van der Hilst, S. Widiyantoro, and E.R. Engdahl (1997), Evidence for deep mantle circulation from global tomography, Nature, Vol.386, 578-584.

S. van der Lee, H. Paulssen, and G. Nolet (1994), Variability of P660s phases as a consequence of topography of the 660 km discontinuity , Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.86, 147-164.

M. van der Meijde, S. van der Lee, and D. Giardini (2005), Seismic discontinuities in the Mediterranean mantle, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.148, 233-250.

R. van Vossen, J.O.A. Robertsson and C.H. Chapman (2002), Finite-Difference Modeling of Wave Propagation in a Fluid-Solid Configuration, Gephysics, Vol.67 (2), 618-624.

R. van Vossen, J. Trampert, and A. Curtis (2004), Propagation and wave-equation inversion for near-receiver material properties, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.157, 796-812.

K. van Wijk, D. Komatitsch, J.A. Scales, and J. Tromp (2004), Analysis of strong scattering at teh micro-scale, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.115 (3), 1006-1011.

K. van Wijk and A.L. Levshin (2004), Surface wave dispersion from small vertical scatterers, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31, L20602, doi:10.1029/2004GL021007.

C.A. Vargas, A. Ugalde, L.G. Pujades and J.A. Canas (2004), Spatial variation of coda wave attenuation in northwestern Colombia, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.158, 609-624.

O.V. Vasilyev, D.A. Yuen, and Y.Y. Podladchikov (1997), Applicability of Wavelet Algorithm for Geophysical Viscoelastic Flow, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.24 (23), 3097-3100.

V. Vavry\v{c}uk (1993), Crustal anisotropy from local observations of shear-wave splitting in west Bohemia, Czech Republic, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (5), 1420-1441.

V. Vavry\v{c}uk (2000), Acoustic and Elastodynamic 3D Green's Functions for Isotropic Media with a Weak Velocity Gradient, Wave Motion, Vol.31, 223-236.

D. Verdonck and G. Zandt (1994), Three-Dimensional Crustal Structure of teh Mendocino Triple Junction Region from Local Earthquake Travel Times, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B12), 23,843-23,858.

M.D. Verweij and A.T. de Hoop (1990), Determination of Seismic Wavefields in Arbitrarily Continously Layered Media Using the Modified Cagniard Method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.103, 731-754.

J.E. Vidale (1987), Waveform Effects of a High-Velocity, Subducted Slab, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.14 (5), 542-545.

J.E. Vidale, D.C. Agnew, M.J.S. Johnston, and D. H. Oppenheimer (1998), Absence of earthquake correlation with Earth tides: An indication of high preseismic fault stress rate, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103, 24,567-24,572.

J.E. Vidale and R.W. Clayton (1986), A Stable Free-Surface Boundary Condition for Two-Dimensional Elastic Finite-Difference Wave Simulation, Geophysics, Vol.51 (12), 2247-2249.

J.E. Vidale, D.A. Dodge, and P.S. Earle (2000), Slow differential rotation of the Earth's inner core indicated by temporal changes in scattering, Nature, Vol.405, 445-448.

J.E. Vidale and P.S. Earle (2000), Fine-scale heterogeneity in the Earth's inner core, Nature, Vol.404, 273-275.

J.E. Vidale and P.S. Earle (2005), Evidence for inner-core rotation from possible changes with time in PKP coda, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L01309, doi:10.1029/2004GL021240.

J.E. Vidale and M.A.H. Hedlin (1998), Evidence for partial melt at the core-mantle boundary north of Tonga from the strong scattering of seismic waves, Nature, Vol.391, 682-685.

J.E. Vidale, D.V. Helmberger, and R.W. Clayton (1985), Finite-Difference Seismograms for SH Waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (6), 1765-1782.

J.E. Vidale, G. Schubert, and P.S. Earle (2001), Unsuccessful initial search for a midmantle chemical boundary, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.28 (5), 859-862.

V. Vinje, E. Iversen, and H. Gjoystdal (1993), Traveltime and amplitude estimation using wavefront construction, Geophysics, vol.58 (8), 1157-1166.

L. Vinnik, S. Chevrot, and J.-P. Montagner (1997), Evidence for a stagnant plume in the transition zone?, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.24 (9), 1007-1010.

L.P. Vinnik, G.R. Foulger, and Z. Du (2005), Seismic boundaries in the mantle beneath Iceland: a new constraint on temperature, Geophys. J. Int., vol.160, 533-538.

J. Virieux (1984), SH-Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media: Velocity-Stress Finite-Difference Method, Geophysics, Vol.49 (11), 1933-1957.

J. Virieux (1986), P-SV Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media: Velocity-Stress Finite-Difference Method, Geophysics, Vol.51 (4), 889-901.

J. Virieux, N. Garnier, E. Blanc, and J.-X. Dessa (2004), Paraxial ray tracing for atmospheric wave propagation, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.31 (L20106), doi:10.1029/2004GL020514.

S. Vlastos, E. Liu, I.G. Main, and X.-Y. Li (2003), Numerical simulation of wave propagation in media with discrete distribution of fractures: effects of fracture sizes and spatial distribution, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.152, 649-668.

S. Vlastos, C. Narteau, E. Liu, and I. Main (2003), Numerical study of scattering attenuation in fractured media: frequency dependence and effects of characteristic length scale, paper number Z-99, EAGE 65th Conference & Exhibition, Stavanger, Norway, 2-5 June, 2003.

C. Voisin (2002), Dynamic triggering of earthquakes: the nonlinear slip-dependent friction case, Pure Appl. Geophys, Vol.107 (B12), doi:10.1029/2001JB001121.

T. von K\'{a}rm\'{a}n (1948), Progress in the statistical theory of turbulence, J. Mar. Res., Vol.7, 252-264.

K.S. Vogfj\"{o}rd (1997), Effects of explosion depth and Earth structure on the excitation of Lg waves: S* revisited, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (5), 1100-1114.

G.S. Wagner and C.A. Langston (1992), A numerical investigation of scattering effects for teleseismic plane wave propagation in a heterogeneous layer over a homogeneous half-space, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.110, 486-500.

G.S. Wagner and T.J. Owens (1996), Signal detection using multi-channel seismic data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.86 (1), 221-231.

F. Waldhouser and W.L. Ellsworth (2000), A double-difference earthquake location algorithm: method and application to the northern Hayward fault, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.90 (6), 1353-1368.

F. Waldhouser, D. Schaff, P.G. Richards, and W.-Y. Kim (2004), Lop Nor revisited: underground nuclear explosion locations, 1976-1996, from double-difference analysis of regional and teleseismic data, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.94 (5), 1879-1889.

T.C. Wallace, D.V. Helmberger, and G.R. Engen (1985), Evidence of tectonic release from underground nuclear explosions in long-period S waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.75 (1), 157-174.

W.R. Walter, A.J. Rodgers, K. Mayeda, and S.C. Myers (1998?), Preliminary regional seismic analysis of nuclear explosions and earthquakes in southwest Asia, ???????

C.-Y. Wang and J.D. Achenbach (1994), Elastodynamic Fundamental Solutions for Anisotropic Solids, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.118, 384-392.

C.-Y. Wang and J.D. Achenbach (1996), Lamb's Problem for Solids of General Anisotropy, Wave Motion, Vol.24, 227-242.

C.-Y. Wang and J.D. Achenbach (1998), New Expressions for Lamb's Problem in Solids of General Anisotropy, 1998 IEEE UltraSonics Symposium, 427-430.

*R. Wang and H.-J. K\"umpel (2003), Poroelasticity: Efficient modeling of strongly coupled, slow deformation processes in a multilayered half-space, Geophysics, Vol.68 (2), 705-717. (*for a governing equation system in poroelastic media)

Y. Wang and R.G. Pratt (2000), Seismic amplitude inversion for interface geometry of multi-layered structures, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.157, 1601-1620.

K. Wapenaar, E. Slob, and J. Fokkema (2004), Reciprocity and power balance for piecewise continuous media with imperfect interfaces, J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 109, B10301, doi:10.1029/2004JB003002.

J.G. Watson and J.B. Keller (1984), Rough Surface Scattering via the Smoothing Method, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.75 (6), 1705-1708.

R.L. Weaver (1990), Diffusivity of ultrasound in polycrystals, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.38 (1), 55-86.

J. Weertman (1980), Unstable slippage across a fault that separate elastic media of different elastic constants, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.85 (B3), 1455-1461.

A.B. Weglein and R.H. Stolt (1999), Migration-inversion revisited, The Leading Edge, Vol.18, 950-952.

B. Wei and D. Ge (2003), Scattering by a two-dimensional caivty filled with an anisotropic medium, Waves Random Media, Vol.13, 223-240.

L. Wen and D.V. Helmberger (1998), Ultra-low velocity zones near the core-mantle boundary from broadband PKP precursors, Science, Vol.279, 1701-1703.

F. Wenzel, K.-J. Stenzel, and U. Zimmermann (1990), Wave Propagation in Laterally Heterogeneous Layered Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.103, 675-684.

S. Widiyantoro, B.L.N. Kennett, and R.D. van der Hilst (1999), Seismic Tomography with P and S Data Reveals Lateral Variations in the Rigidity of Deep Slabs, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol.173, 91-100.

S. Widiyantoro and R.D. van der Hilst (1997), Mantle structure beneath Indonesia inferred from high-resolution tomographic imaging, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.130, 167-182.

I.P. Williamson (1972), Pulse broadening due to multiple scattering in the interstellar medium, Mon. Not. R. astr. Soc., Vol.157, 55-71.

J.R. Willis (1973), Self-Similar Problems in Elastodynamics, Phil. Trans. Soc. A. (Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series A -Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences), Vol.274, 435-491.

C.J. Wolfe, P.G. Okubo, G. Ekstr\"{o}m, M. Nettles, and P.M. Shearer (2004), Characteristics of deep (>=13 km) Hawaiian earthquakes and Hawaiian earthquakes west of 155.55^{\circ}W, Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems, Vol.5 (4), Q04006, doi:10.1029/2003GC000618.

C.J. Wolfe, I. Th. Bjarnason, J.C. VanDecar, and S.C. Solomon (1997), Seismic structure of the Iceland mantle plume, Nature, Vol.385, 245-247.

C.R.D. Woodgold (1994), Coda Q in the Charlevoix, Quebec, Region: Lapse-time dependence and spatial and temporal comparisons, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (4), 1123-1131.

B.B. Woods and D.G. Harkrider (1995), Determining surface-wave magnitudes from regional Nevada Test Site data, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.120, 474-498.

B.B. Woods and D.V. Helmberger (1997), Regional seismic discriminants using wave-train energy ratios, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.87 (3), 589-605.

M.J. Woodward (1992), Wave-equation tomography, Geophysics, Vol.57 (1), 15-26.

R.-S. Wu (1982), Attenuation of Short Period Seismic Waves Due to Scattering, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.9 (1), 9-12.

R.-S. Wu (1982), Mean field attenuation and amplitude attenuation due to wave scattering, Wave Motion, vol.4, 305-316.

R.-S. Wu (1985), Multiple scattering and energy transfer of seismic waves- separation of scattering effect from intrinsic attenuation -I. Theoretical modelling, Geophys. J. R. astr. Soc., Vol.82, 57-80.

R.-S. Wu (1989), The Perturbation Method in Elastic Wave Scattering, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.131 (4), 605-637.

R.-S. Wu (1994), Wide-Angle Elastic Wave One-Way Propagation in Heterogeneous Media and and Elastic Wave Complex-Screen Method, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.99 (B1), 751-766.

R.-S. Wu (2002), Spatial coherences of seismic data and the application to characterization of stochastic heterogeneities, in ``Characterization in the crust and upper mantle: Nature, scaling ands seismic properites", J.A. Goff and K. Holliger, eds, Kluwer Academic, ch.13, p321-343.

R.-S. Wu (2003), Wave propagation, scattering and imaging using dual-domain one-way and one-return propagators, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 509-539.

R.-S. Wu and K. Aki (1985), Elastic Wave Scattering by a Random Medium and the Small-Scale Inhomogeneities in the Lithosphere, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.90 (B12), 10261-10273.

R.-S. Wu and K. Aki (1985), Scattering Characteristics of Elastic Waves by an Elastic Heterogeneity, Geophysics, Vol.50 (4), 582-595.

R.-S. Wu and K. Aki (1988), Introduction: seismic wave scattering in three-dimensionally heterogeneous Earth, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.128, 1-6.

R.-S. Wu and X.-B. Xie (1991), Numerical tests of stochastic tomography, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.67, 180-193.

R.-S. Wu and L. Chen (2001), Wave Propagationand Imaging Using Gabor-Daubechies Beamlets, the Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Theoretical and Computational Acoustics (May 21-25, 2001, Beijing, China), (submitted).

R.-S. Wu and S.M. Flatt\'{e} (1990), Transmission fluctuations across an array and heterogeneities in the crust and upper mantle, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.132, 175-196.

R.-S. Wu, S. Jin and X.-B. Xie (2000), Seismic Wave Propagation and Scattering in Heterogeneous Crustal Waveguides Using Screen Propagator: I SH Waves, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.90 (2), 401-413.

R.-S. Wu, S. Jin and X.-B. Xie (2000), Energy Partition and Attenuation of Lg Wave by Numerical Simulations Using Screen Propagators, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.120, 227-243.

R.-S. Wu and M.N. Toks\"{o}z (1987), Diffraction tomography and multisource holography applied to seismic imaging, Geophysics, Vol.52 (1), 11-25.

R.-S. Wu, Z. Xu, and X.-P. Li (1994), Heterogeneity Spectrum and Scale-Anisotropy in the Upper Crust Revealved by the German Continental Deep-Drilling (KTB) Holes, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.21 (10), 911-914.

R.-S. Wu, X.-L. Dong, and J.-H. Gao (1998), Application of acoustic wavelet transform to seismic data processing, 1998 SEG Expanded Abstracts.

R.-S. Wu, X.-B. Xie, Z. Ge, and T. Lay (2004), Quantifying source excitation and path effects for high frequency regional waves, 26th Seismic Research Review, 191-201.

X.-Y. Wu and R.-S. Wu (2000), Lg-Wave Simulation in Heterogeneous Crusts with Surface Topography Using Screen Propagators, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.146, 670-678.

Z.S. Wu, Y. Gao and Y. Murakami (2002), Development of a finite element simulator for crustal deformation and large fault slipping, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 2221-2237.

M.E. Wysession (1996), Large-scale structure at the core-mantle boundary from diffracted waves, Nature, Vol.382, 244-248.

J. Xia, R.D. Miller, and C.B. Park (1999), Estimation of near-surface shear-wave velocity by inversion of Rayleigh waves, Geophysics, Vol.64 (3), 691-700.

J. Xie (1998), Spectral inversion of Lg from earthquakes: a modified method with application to the 1995, western Texas earthquake sequence, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.88 (6), 1525-1537.

J. Xie (2001), Rupture chracteristics of clustered microearthquakes and variations in fault properties in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.106 (B1), 26,495-26,509.

J. Xie (2002), Source scaling of Pn and Lg spectra and their ratios from explosions in central Asia: Implications for the identification of small seismic events at regional distances, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B7), 2128, doi10.1029/2001JB000509.

J. Xie (2002), Lg Q in the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (2), 871-876.

J. Xie, L. Cong, and B.J. Mitchell (1996), Spectral characteristics of the excitation and propagation of Lg from underground nuclear explosions in central Asia, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B3), 5813-5822.

J. Xie, L. Cong, B.J. Mitchell, and J.M. Chiu (1996), Complexities in high-frequency seismic waveforms due to three-dimensional structure in the New Madrid Seismic Zone, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.101 (B3), 5751-5778.

J. Xie, R. Gok, J. Ni, and Y. Aoki (2004), Lateral variations of crustal seismic attenuation along the INDEPTH profiles in Tibet from Lg Q inversion, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.109 (B10308), doi:10.1029/2004JB002988.

J. Xie, Z. Liu, L. Cong, R.B. Herrmann, and J.M. Chiu (1997), Rupture properties of clustered microearthquakes near intersecting intraplate faults of New Madrid Seismic Zone: Implication for fault weakening, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.102 (B4), 8187-8202.

J. Xie and B.J. Mitchell (1990), A back-projection method for imaging large-scale lateral variations of Lg coda Q with application to continental Africa, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.100, 161-181.

J. Xie and H.J. Patton (1999), Regional phase excitation and propagation in the Lop Nor region of central Asia and implications for P/Lg discriminants, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.104 (B1), 941-954.

X.-B. Xie and T. Lay (1994), The excitation of Lg waves by explosions: a finite-difference investigation, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (2), 324-342.

T. Xu and G.A. McMechan (1995), Composite Memory Variables for Viscoelastic Synthetic Seismograms, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.121, 634-639.

T. Xu and G.A. McMechan (1998), Efficient 3-D Viscoelastic Modeling with Application to Near-Surface Land Seismic Data, Geophysics, Vol.63 (2), 601-612.

Z. Xu, S.Y. Schwartz, and T. Lay (1996), Seismic wave-field observations at a dense, small-aperture array located on a landslide in the Santa Cruz mountains, California, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (3), 655-669.

Z.-W. Xu, J. Wu and Z.-S. Wu (2003), Statistical temporal behaviour of pulse wave propagation through continuous random media, Waves Random Media, Vol.13, 59-73.

J. Yamamoto, L. Quintanar, C.J. Rebollar, and Z. Jim\'enez (2002), Source characteristics and propagation effects of the Puebla, Mexico, earthquake of 15 June 1999, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (6), 2126-2138.

T. Yamashita (1990), Attenuation and Dispersion of SH Waves due to Scattering by Randomly Distributed Cracks, Pure. Appl. Geophys., Vol.132 (3), 545-568.

X. Yan (2002), A numerical investigation of Lg Geometrical spreading, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (8), 3067-3079.

D. Yang, J. Teng, Z. Zhang, and E. Liu (2003), A nearly analytic discrete method for acoustic and elastic wave equations in anisotropic media, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 882-890.

X. Yang, I. Bond\'{a}r, J. Bhattacharyya, M. Ritzwoller, N. Shapiro, M. Antolik, G. Ekstr\"{o}m, H. Israelsson, and K. McLaughlin (2004), Validation of regional and teleseismic travel-time models by relocating ground-truth events, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (3), 897-919.

X. Yang, I. Bond\'{a}r, K. McLaughlin, and R. North (2001), Source specific station corrections for regional phases, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.158, 35-57.

X. Yang, S.R. Taylor, M. Maceira, H.J. Patton, and J.T. Rutledge (2004), Regional event identification research eastern Asia, 26th Seismic Research Review, 531-540.

X. Yang, S.R. Taylor, and H.J. Patton (2004), The 20-s Rayleigh wave attenuation tomography for central and southeastern Asia, J. Geophys. Res., vol.109, B12304, doi:10.1029/2004JB003193.

K. Yomogida, K. Aki, and R. Benites (1997), Coda Q in Two-Layer Random Media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.128, 425-433.

K. Yomogida and R. Benites (1995), Relation between Direct Wave Q and Coda Q: a Numerical Approach, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.123, 471-483.

K. Yomogida and R. Benites (2002), Scattering of Seismic Waves by Cracks with the Boundary Integral Method, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.159, 1771-1789.

K. Yomogida and J.T. Etgen (1993), 3-D Wave Propagation in the Los Angeles Basin for the Whittier-Narrows Earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (5), 1325-1344.

K. Yomogida, R. Benites, P.M. Roberts, and M. Fehler (1997), Scattering of Elastic Waves in 2-D Composite Media II: Waveforms and Spectra, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors (Phys. Earth Planet. Inter.) Vol.104, 175-192.

K. Yomogida, R. Benites, and R. Robinson (1998), Spatial Variations of Coda Wave Amplitude in Media with a Localized Heterogeneous Region, Earth, Planets and Space, Vol.50, 303-312.

Y. Yoshida, D. Suetsugu (2004), Lithospheric thickness beneath the Pitcairn hot spot trail as inferred from Rayleigh wave dispersion, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., Vol.146, 75-85.

K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato, Y. Iio, H. Ito, T. Ohminato, and M. Ohtake (1998), Frequency-dependent attenuation of high-frequency P and S waves in the upper crust in western Nagano, Japan, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.153, 489-502.

K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (1997), Three-Component Seismogram Envelope Synthesis in Randomly Inhomogeneous Semi-Infinite Media Based on the Single Scattering Approximation, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.104, 37-61.

K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (1997), Short-Wavelength Crustal Heterogeneities in the Nikko Area, Central Japan, Revealed from the Three-Component Seismogram Envelope Analysis, Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, Vol.104, 63-73.

K. Yoshimoto, H. Sato, and M. Ohtake (1993), Frequency-dependent attenuation of P and S waves in the Kanto area, Japan, based on the coda-normalization method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.114, 165-174.

C. Yoshimura, J. Bielak, Y. Hisada, and A. Fern\`andez (2003), Domain reduction method for three-dimensional earthquake modeling in localized regions, Part II: verification and applications, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (2), 825-840.

K. Yoshizawa, K. Yomogida, and S. Tsuboi (1999), Resolving Power of Surface Wave Polarization Data for Higher-Order Heterogeneities, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.138, 205-220.

H. Yuan and K. Dueker (2005), Teleseismic P-wave tomogram of the Yellowstone plume, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L07304, doi:10.1029/2004GL022056.

T.S. Yun, F.M> Francisca, J.C. Santamarina, and C. Ruppel (2005), Compressional and shear wave velocities in uncemented sediment containing gas hydrate, Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol.32, L10609, doi:10.1029/2005GL022607.

J. Zahradn\'{i}k (1995), Simple Elastic Finite-Difference Scheme, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (6), 1879-1887.

A. Zakaria, J. Penrose, F. Thomas, and X. Wang (2000), The two dimensional numerical modeling of acoustic wave propagation in shallow water, Australian Acoustical Society Conference, Joondalup, Australia. 15-17 November 2000.

G. Zandt, M. Leidig, J. Chmielowski, D. Baumont, and X. Yuan (2003), Seismic detection and characterization of the Altiplano-Puna magma body, central Andes, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 789-807.

Y. Zeng (1993), Theory of scattered P- and S-wave energy in a random isotropic scattering medium, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.83 (4), 1264-1276.

Y. Zeng, F. Su, and K. Aki (1991), Scattering Wave Energy Propagation in a Random Isotropic Scattering Medium, 1. Theory, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.96 (B1), 607-619.

A. Zerva and O. Zhang (1996), Estimation of signal characteristics in seismic ground motions, Probabilistic Engineering Mechanics, Vol.11, 229-242.

H. Zhang, C. Thurber, and C. Rowe (2003), Automatic P-wave arrival detection and picking with multiscale wavelet analysis for single-component recordings, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.93 (5), 1904-1912.

J. Zhang (2004), Elastic wave modelling in heterogeneous media with high velocity contrasts, Gephys. J. Int., Vol.159, 223-239.

J. Zhang and T. Liu (1999), P-SV-Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Media: Grid Method, Gephys. J. Int., Vol.136, 431-438.

J. Zhang and D.J. Verschuur (2002), Elastic Wave Propagation in Heterogeneous Anisotropic Media Using the Lumped Finite-Element Method, Gephysics, Vol.67 (2), 625-638.

T. Zhang and T. Lay (1994), Analysis of short-period regional phase path effects associated with topography in Eurasia, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (1), 119-132.

T. Zhang and T. Lay (1994), Effects of crustal structure under the Barents and Kara Seas on short-period regional wave propagation for Novaya Zemlya explosions: Empirical relations, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.84 (4), 1132-1147.

T.-R. Zhang and T. Lay (1995), Why the Lg phase does not transverse oceanic crust, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.85 (6), 1665-1678.

*W. Zhang, T. Iwata, K. Irikura, H. Sekiguchi, and M. Bouchon (2003), Heterogeneous distribution of the dynamic source parameters of the 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan, earthquake, J. Gephys. Res., Vol.108 (B5), 2232, doi:10.1029/2002JB001889. (*for understanding basic relationships in dynamic ruptures)

Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, and N. Bleistein (2003?), True amplitude wave equation migration arising from true amplitude one-way wave euations, ?????.

Y.-G. Zhang and J. Ballmann (1997), Two Technique for the Absorption of Elastic Waves Using an Artificial Transition Layer, Wave Motion, Vol.25, 15-33.

X. Zheng (2004), Inversion for elastic parameters in weakly anisotropic media, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.159, 1077-1089.

C. Zhou, N.N. Hsu, J.S. Popovics, and J.D. Achenbach (2000), Response of Two Layers Overlaying a Half-Space to a Suddenly Applied Point Force, Wave Motion, Vol.31, 255-272.

R.-M. Zhou and B.W. Stump (2004), Rayleigh waves generated by mining explosions and upper crustal structure around the Powder River Basin, Wyoming, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.94 (4), 1410-1429.

Y.H. Zhou, L.S. Xu, and Y.T. Chen (2002), Source process of the 4 June 2002 southern Sumatra, Indonesia, earthquake, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., Vol.92 (5), 2027-2035.

L. Zhu and H. Kanamori (2000), Moho depth variation in southern California from teleseismic receiver functions, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B2), 2969-2980.

A. Ziv and A.M. Rubin (2003), Implications of rate-and-state friction for properties of aftershock sequence: Quasi-static inherently discrete simulations, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B1), 2051, doi:10.1029/2001JB001219.


###### Papers in the scattering binder

W.L. Anderson (1989), A hybrid fast Hankel transform algorithm for electromagnetic modeling, Geophysics, Vol.54 (2), 263-266.

J.M. Carcione (1998), Scattering of elastic waves by a plane crack of finite width in a transversely isotropic medium, International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics, Vol.22, 263-275..

O. Coutant (1989), Numerical study of the diffraction of elastic waves by fluid-filled cracks, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.94 (B12), 17,805-17,818.

J.A. Hudson (1981), Wave speeds and attenuation of elastic waves in material containing cracks, Geophys. J.R. astr. Soc., Vol.64, 133-150.

J. Kawahara and T. Yamashita (1992), Scattering of elastic waves by a fracture zone containing randomly distributed cracks, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.139 (1), 121-144.

V.A. Korneev and L.R. Johnson (1993), Scattering of elastic waves by a spherical inclusion-I. Theory and numerical tests, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.115, 230-250.

X. Li and J.A. Hudson (1997), Multiple scattering of elastic waves from a continuous and heterogeneous region, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.126, 845-862.

E. Liu, S. Crampin, and J.A. Hudson (1997), Diffraction of seismic waves by cracks with application to hydraulic fracturing, Geophysics, Vol.62 (1), 253-265.

Y. Liu, R.-S. Wu, and C.F. Ying (2000), Scattering of elastic waves by an elastic or viscoelastic cylinder, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.142, 439-460.

Y. Murai, J. Kawahara, and T. Yamashita (1995), Multiple scattering of SH waves in 2-D elastic media with distributed cracks, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.122, 925-937.

K. Nagano (1998), Crack-wave dispersion at a fluid-filled fracture with low-velocity layers, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.134, 903-910.

T. Pointer, E. Liu, and J.A. Hudson (1998), Numerical modelling of seismic waves scattered by hydrofractures: application of the indirect boundary element method, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.135, 289-303.

Y. Takei (2002), Effect of pore gemetry on Vp/Vs: From equilibrium geometry to crack, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B2), 10.1029/2001JB000522.

T. Yamashita (1990), Attenuation and dispersion of SH waves due to scattering by randomly distributed cracks, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.132 (3), 545-568.


###### Wavelet (Book and etc.)

B. Alpert, G. Beylkin, and L. Vozovoi (1999), Adaptive Solution of Partial Differential Equations in Multiwavelet Bases, PAM Report 409, July 1999 (submitted).

B. Alpert, L. Greengard, and T. Hagstrom (?), An Integral Evolution Formula for the Wave Equation.

E. Bacry, S. Mallat and G. Papanicolaou (?), A Wavelet Based Space-Time Adaptive Numerical Method for Partial Differential Equations

J.J. Benedetto and M.W. Frazier (1994) Wavelets: Mathematics and Application, CRC Press, Inc., Florida (Chap12: On wavelet-based algorithms for solving differential equations, Beylkin).

G. Beylkin, R. Coifman and V. Rokhlin (?) Fast Wavelet Trasnforms and Numerical Algorithms I.

P. Charton and V. Perrier (1996), A Pseudo-Wavelet Scheme for the Two-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations, Matematica Aplicada e computacional (submitted).

J.K. Cohen and T. Chen (1993), Fundamental of the Discrete Wavelet Transform for Seismic Data Processing.

G. Kaiser (1994) A friendly Guide to Wavelets, Birkhauser Boston, USA.

D. Lu, T. Ohyoshi and L. Zhu (1996), Treatment of Boundary Conditions in the Application of Wavelet-Galerkin Method to a SH Wave Problem.

W. Sweldens and P. Schroder (?), Building Your Own Wavelets at Home.

J.R. Williams and K. Amaratunga (1994), High Order Wavelet Extrapolation Schemes for Initial Value Problems and Boundary Value Problems, IESL Technical Report, No. 94-07.

J.R. Williams and K. Amaratunga (1995), A Discrete Wavelet Transform Without Edge Effects Using Wavelet Extrapolation, IESL Technical Report, No. 95-02.


###### Wavelet (Journal)

B. K. Alpert (1993), A Class of Bases in L2 for the Sparse Representation of Integral Operators, SIAM Journal on Mathematical Analysis, Vol.24, 246-262.

B. K. Alpert, G. Beylkin, D. Gines, and L. vozovoi (2002), Adaptive solution of partial differential equations in multiwavelet bases, J. Comput. Phys., Vol. 182, 149-190.

K. Amaratunga and J.R. Williams (1992), Wavelet-Galerkin Solutions for One Dimensional Partial Differential Equations, Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng., Vol. 37, 2703-2716.

G. Beylkin (1998), On Multiresolution Methods in Numerical Analysis, Documenta Mathematica (Doc. Math.) J. DMV (Extra Volume ICM 1998 III), 481-490.

G. Beylkin, N. Coult and M. J. Mohlenkamp (1999), Fast Spectral Projection Algorithms for Density-Matrix Computations, J. Comput. Phys., vol.152, 32-54.

W. Cai and J. Wang (1996), Adaptive Multiresolution Collocation Methods for Initial Boundary Value Problems of Nonlinear PDEs, SIAM J. Numer. Anal., Vol.33 (3), 937-970.

W. Dahmen (1997), Wavelet and Multiscale Methods for Operator Equations, Acta Numerica, Vol.6, 55-228.

J. Fr\"{o}hlich and K. Schneider (1997), An Adaptive Wavelet-Vaguelette Algorithm for the Solution of PDEs, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.130, 174-190.

M. Holschneider (1993), General Inversion Formulas for Wavelet Transforms, Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol.34 (9), 4190-4198.

M. Holschneider (1994), Functional Calculus Using Wavelet Transforms, Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol.35 (7), 3745-3752.

L. Jameson (1995), On the Spline-Based Wavelet Differentiation Matrix, Applied Numerical Mathematics, Vol.17, 33-45.

J. Lewalle (1994), Wavelet Transforms for Some Equations of Fluid Mechanics, Acta Mechanica, Vol.140, 1-25.

J. Lewalle (1997), Hamiltonian Formulation for the Diffusion Equation, Physical Review E, Vol.55 (2), 1590-1599.

J. Lewalle (1998), Formal Improvement in the Solution of the Wavelet-Transformed Poisson and Diffusion Equations, Journal of Mathematical Physics, Vol.39 (8), 4119-4128.

R.A. Lippert, T.A. Arias and A. Edelman (1998), Multiscale Computation with Interpolating Wavelets, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.140, 278-310.

S. Qian and J. Weiss (1993), Wavelets and the Numerical Solution of Partial Differential Equations, J. Comput. Phys., Vol.106, 155-175.

G. Saracco (1994), Propagation of Transient Waves through a Stratified Fluid Medium: Wavelet Analysis of a Nonasymptotic Decomposition of the Propagator. Part I. Spherical Waves through a Two-Layered System, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., Vol.95 (3), 1191-1205.

C. Torrence and G.P. Compo (1998), A Practical Guide to Wavelet Analysis, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol.79 (1), 61-78.


###### Fault, dynamic rupture, friction, stress, modeling in faults

B.T. Aagaard, T.H. Heaton, and J.F. Hall (2001), Dynamic earthquake ruptures in the presence of lithostatic normal stresses: implications for friction models and heat production, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.91 (6), 1765-1796.

D.J. Andrews (1973), A numerical study of tectonic stress release by underground explosions, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.63 (4), 1375-1391.

D.J. Andrews and Y. Ben-Zion (1997), Wrinkle-like slip pulse on a fault between different materials, J. Geophys. Res., vol.102 (B1), 553-571.

Y. Ben-Zion (1998), Properties of seismic fault zone waves and their utility for imaging low-velocity structures, J. Geophys. Res., vol.103 (B6), 12567-12585.

*Y. Ben-Zion (2001), Dynamic ruptures in recent models of earthquake faults, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, vol.49, 2209-2244. (*including general reviews)

*Y. Ben-Zion (2003), Key formulas in earthquake seismology, in `International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology', Part B, Academic Press. (*basic relationship in fault dynamics)

Y. Ben-Zion and D.J. Andrews (1998), Properties and implications of dynamic rupture along a material interface, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.88 (4), 1085-1094.

Y. Ben-Zion and Y. Huang (2002), Dynamic rupture on an interface between a compliant fault zone layer and a stiffer surrounding solid, J. Geophys. Res., vol.107 (B2), 10.1029/2001JB000254.

Y. Ben-Zion, Z. Peng, D. Okaya, L. Seeber, J.G. Armbruster, N. Ozer, A.J. Michael, S. Baris, and M. Aktar (2003), A shallow falut-zone structure illuminated by trapped waves in the Karadere-Duzce branch of the North Anatolian Fault, western Turkey, Geophys. J. Int., Vol.152, 699-717.

Y. Ben-Zion and J.R. Rice (1997), Dynamic simulations of slip on a smooth fault in an elastic solid, J. Geophys. Res., vol.102 (B8), 17771-17784.

*Y. Ben-Zion and C.G. Sammis (2003), Characterization of fault zones, Pure Appl. Geophysics, vol.160, 677-715. (*including general reviews)

G.C. Beroza and T. Mikumo (1996), Short slip duration in dynamic rupture in the presence of heterogeneous fault properties, J. Geophys. Res., vol.101 (B10), 22449-22460.

*A. Cochard and J.R. Rice (2000), Fault rupture between dissimilar materials: ill-posedness, regularization, and slip-pulse response, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.105 (B11), 25891-25907. (* good for understanding physics in dissimilar materials)

S. Das (2003), Spontaneous complex earthquake rupture propagation, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 579-602.

J. Gomberg, NM. Beeler, M.L. Blanpied, and P. Bodin (1998), Earthquake triggering by transient and static deformations, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.103 (B10), 24,411-24,426.

J.-P. Gratier, P. favreau, and F. Renard (2003), Modeling fluid transfer along California faults when integrating pressure solution crack sealing and compaction processes, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B2), 2104, doi:10.1029/2001JB000380.

J.L. Hardebeck, J.J. Nazareth, and E. Hauksson (1998), The static stress change triggering model: Constraints from two southern California aftershock sequences, J. Geophys. Res., vol.103 (B10), 24,427-24,437.

R.A. Harris and S.M. Day (1997), Effects of a low-velocity zone on a dynamic rupture, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.87 (5), 1267-1280.

R.A. Harris and R.W. Simpson (1998), Suppression of large earthquakes by stress shadows: A comparison of Coulomb and rate-and-state failure, J. Geophys. Res., vol.103 (B10), 24,439-24,451.

I.R. Ionescu and M. Campillo (1999), Influence of the shape of the friction law and fault finiteness on the duration of initiation, J. Geophys. Res., vol.104 (B2), 3013-3024.

A. Kato, M. Ohnaka, and H. Mochizuki (2003), Consititutive properties for the shear failure of intact granite in seismogenic environments, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B1), 2060, doi:10.1029/2001JB000791.

D. Kilb, J. Gomberg, and P. Bodin (2000), Triggering of earthquake aftershocks by dynamic stresses, Nature, Vol.408, 570-574.

G.C.P. King and D.D. Bowman (2003), The evolution of regional seismicity between large earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B2), 2096, doi:10.1029/2001JB000783.

G.C.P. King and M. Cocco (2000), Fault interaction by elastic stress changes: new clues from earthquake sequences, Advances in Geophysics, vol.44, 1-38.

R. Madariaga (2003), Radiation from a finite reverse fault in a half space, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 555-577.

R. Malservisi, C. Gans, and K.P. Furlong (2003), Numerical modeling of strike-slip creeping faults and implications for the Hayward fault, California, Tectonophysics, Vol.361, 121-137.

P. M. Mai and G.C. Beroza (2002), A spatial random field model to characterize complexity in earthquake slip, J. Geophys. Res., vol.107 (B11), 2308, doi:10.1029/2001JB000588.

D.D. Oglesby, R.A. Archuleta, and S.B. Nielsen (2000), Dynamics of dip-slip faulting: Explorations in two dimensions, J. Geophys. Res., vol.105 (B6), 13643-13653.

G. Perrin, J.R. Rice, and G. Zheng (1995), Self-healing slip pulse on a frictional surface, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.43 (9), 1461-1495.

N. Pulido and K. Irikura (2000), Estimation of dynamic rupture parameters from the radiated seismic energy and apparent stress, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol.27 (23), 3945-3948.

K. Ranjith and J.R. Rice (2001), Slip dynamics at an interface between dissimilar materials, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, Vol.49, 341-361.

J.C. Savage and A.H. Lachenbruch (2003), Consequences of viscous drag beneath a transform fault, J. Geophys. Res., vol.108 (B1), 2025, doi:10.1029/2001JB000711.

C.H. Scholz (1998), Earthquakes and firction laws, Nature, Vol.391, 37-42.

R. Tibi, G. Bock, and D.A. Wiens (2003), Source characteristics of large deep earthquakes: Constraint on the faluting mechanism at great depth, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B2), 2091, doi:10.1029/2002JB001948.

K. Uenishi and J.R. Rice (2003), Universal nucleation length for slip-weakening rupture instability under nonuniform fault loading, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B1), 2042, doi:10.1029/2001JB001681.

C. Voisin (2002), Dynamic triggering of earthquakes: the nonlinear slip-dependent friction case, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2356, doi:10.1029/2001JB001121.

K. Wang, R. Wells, S. Mazzotti, R.D. Hyndman, and T. Sagiya (2003), A revised dislocation model of interseismic deformation of the Cascadia subduction zone, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B1), 2046, doi:10.1029/2001JB001227.

J. Weertman (1980), Unstable slippage across a fault that separates elastic media of different elastic constants J. Geophys. Res., Vol.85 (B3), 1455-1461.


###### Scattering, attenuation

K. Aki (1980), Attenuation of shear-waves in the lithosphere for frequencies, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.21, 50-60.

K. Aki (1992), Scattering conversions P to S versus S to P, Bull. Seism. Soc. Am., vol.82 (4), 1969-1972.

K. Aki and B. Chouet (1975), Origin of coda waves: source, attenuation, and scattering effects, J. Geophys. Res., vol.80 (23), 3322-3342.

A. Akinci and H. Eyido\v{g}an (2000), Scattering and anelastic attenuation of seismic energy in the vicinity of north anatolian fault zone, eastern Turkey, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., vol.122, 229-239.

V.F. Cormier and X. Li (2002), Frequency-dependent seismic attenuation in the inner core, 2. A scattering and fabric interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2362, doi:10.1029/2002JB001796.

M. Fehler, M. Hoshiba, H. Sato, and K. Obara (1992), Separation of scattering and intrinsic attenuation for the Kanto-Tokai region, Japan, using measurements of S-wave energy versus hypocentral distance, Geophys. J. Int., vol.108, 787-800.

M. Fehler and H. Sato (2003), Coda, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.160, 541-554.

P.M. Hatzidimitriou (1994), Scattering and anelastic attenuation of seismic energy in Northern Greece, Pure Appl. Geophys., Vol.143 (4), 587-601

X. Li and V.F. Cormier (2002), Frequency-dependent seismic attenuation in the inner core, 1. A viscoelastic interpretation, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.107 (B12), 2361, doi:10.1029/2002JB001795.

K. Mayeda, S. Koyanagi, M. Hoshiba, K. Aki, and Y. Zeng (1992), A comparitive study of scattering, intrinsic, and coda Q^{-1} for Hawaii, Long Valley, and Central California between 1.5 and 15.0 Hz, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.97 (B5), 6643-6659.

L.G. Pujades, A. Ugalde, J.A. Canas. M. Navarro, F.J. Badal, and V. Corchete (1997), Intrinsic and scattering attenuation from observed seismic codas in the Almeria Basin (southeastern Iberian Peninsula), Geophys. J. Int., Vol.129, 281-291.

A. Schubnel and Y. Gu\'eguen (2003), Dispersion and anisotropy of elastic waves in cracked rocks, J. Geophys. Res., Vol.108 (B2), 2101, doi:10.1029/2002JB001824.